2011, Carbon, Coal and Resource

Study Concludes Peak Coal Will Occur Close to 2011

Green Car Congress

AUGUST 2, 2010

A multi-Hubbert analysis of coal production by Tadeusz Patzek at The University of Texas at Austin and Gregory Croft at the University of California, Berkeley concludes that the global peak of coal production from existing coalfields will occur close to the year 2011. Gt C (15 Gt CO 2 ) per year, according to the study.

Coal

Coal 2011 Global Emissions

China team optimizes catalytic hydrogenation process to convert coal tar to gasoline and diesel

Green Car Congress

JUNE 9, 2012

Flow diagram of coal tar hydrogenation process. Researchers in China report the production of gasoline and diesel from coal tar via an optimized catalytic hydrogenation using two serial fixed beds, the first with a hydrofining catalyst of MoNi/?-Al of the world’s total, according to a 2011 market research report; 9.94

Coal

Coal Gasoline Diesel Hydrogen

Modified SOFC anodes allow operation at lower temperatures with carbon-containing gases; potential for much more efficient and cleaner generation of electricity from coal

Green Car Congress

JUNE 25, 2011

Using barium oxide nanoparticles, a team of researchers led by Georgia Tech has modified the surface of conventional anodes for solid oxide fuel cells (SOFCs) to enable operation at lower temperatures (750 °C) with carbon-containing gases—e.g., gasified coal—by eliminating the coking problem. note in their paper.

Coal

Coal Carbon Cleaner Water

GE and Shenhua open coal gasification joint venture in China

Green Car Congress

MAY 11, 2012

a 50:50 joint venture with Shenhua Group to advance the development and deployment of “cleaner coal” technology solutions in China. GBI report: Asia-Pacific to be the leading coal-producing region. The region’s coal industry comprises China, India, Australia, Indonesia, Kazakhstan, Thailand, Vietnam and New Zealand.

Coal

Coal China Asia Kazakhstan

EIA Energy Outlook 2011 more than doubles estimates of US shale gas resources; higher production at lower prices

Green Car Congress

DECEMBER 17, 2010

The Annual Energy Outlook 2011 (AEO2011) Reference case released yesterday by the US Energy Information Administration (EIA) more than doubles the technically recoverable US shale gas resources assumed in AEO2010 and added new shale oil resources. Click to enlarge. —EIA Administrator Richard Newell.

Gas

Gas 2011 Price Energy

MIT study concludes that absent climate policy, coal-to-liquids could account for around a third of global liquid fuels by 2050

Green Car Congress

JUNE 9, 2011

2011 Click to enlarge. A new assessment of the viability of coal-to-liquids (CTL) technology by researchers from the MIT Joint Program on the Science and Policy of Global Change (JPSPGC) found that without climate policy, CTL has the potential to account for around a third of global liquid fuels by 2050. Credit: Chen et al.,

Coal

Coal MIT Climate Global

IEA: carbon intensity of global energy supply has barely changed in last 20 years; “window of opportunity in transport”

Green Car Congress

APRIL 18, 2013

In a fairly bleak assessment of global progress towards low-carbon energy, the International Energy Agency (IEA) concluded that, despite a few bright spots such as the rapid expansion of renewable technologies and the growth of hybrid and EV sales, the progress is far below that required to achieve a 2 °C pathway—i.e., Source: IEA.

Carbon

Carbon Supplies Global Transportation

Report finds Coal-to-Liquids and Oil Shale pose significant financial and environmental risks to investors

Green Car Congress

DECEMBER 19, 2010

Ceres recently released a new report concluding that coal-to-liquid (CTL) and oil shale technologies face significant environmental and financial obstacles—from water constraints, to technological uncertainties to regulatory and market risks—that pose substantial financial risks for investors involved in such projects.

Coal

Coal Oil Water Oil Prices

USGS assessment finds mean CO2 storage potential of 3,000 gigatonnes in US

Green Car Congress

JUNE 27, 2013

Pie chart showing mean estimates by the USGS of technically accessible storage resources (TA SR ) for CO 2 by region. The US Energy Information Administration (EIA) estimates that in 2011, the United States emitted 5.5 Carbon sequestration in the President’s climate plan. Click to enlarge. metric gigatons.

CO2

CO2 United States Carbon Coal

Federal Task Force Concludes CCS is Viable, But Carbon Price Is Critical; Sends Recommendations to President Obama on Fostering the Technology

Green Car Congress

AUGUST 12, 2010

President Obama’s Interagency Task Force on Carbon Capture and Storage (CCS), co-chaired by the US Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) and the Department of Energy (DOE), delivered a series of recommendations to the president on overcoming the barriers to the widespread, cost-effective deployment of CCS within 10 years.

Obama

Obama Carbon Price Coal

New phase of globalization could undermine efforts to reduce CO2 emissions

Green Car Congress

MAY 14, 2018

A new study finds that the growth of carbon production from Chinese exports has slowed or reversed, reflecting a “new phase of globalization” between developing countries that could undermine international efforts to reduce emissions. The paper is published in Nature Communications. gigatonnes (Gts).

Global

Global Emissions CO2 2004

Texas Clean Energy Project signs long-term CO2 offtake agreement with Whiting Petroleum for enhanced oil recovery; 90% CO2 capture from IGCC coal polygen plant

Green Car Congress

JULY 22, 2011

The TCEP would integrate coal gasification, combined-cycle power generation, CO 2 capture, and. Whiting will be the first in the Permian to purchase CO 2 from a power project that will be produced through the coal-gasification process. The TCEP integrates coal gasification, combined-cycle power generation, CO 2 capture, and.

Coal

Coal Texas Oil CO2

US and Swiss researchers model two very high carbon emissions scenarios

Green Car Congress

JULY 6, 2011

US and Swiss researchers have modeled two climate scenarios with very high carbon emissions—above the A1F1 scenario, currently representing the upper bound of predicted carbon emissions in the IPCC work—to investigate the resulting climate change implications. —Sanderson et al. Benjamin M Sanderson et al.

Carbon

Carbon Emissions Climate Change Climate

Lifecycle analysis finds Fischer-Tropsch diesel from coal and biomass with CCS can use less fossil energy than petroleum diesel, with GHG close to or below zero

Green Car Congress

MARCH 3, 2011

A new study by Michael Wang and Jeongwoo Han at Argonne National Laboratory and Xiaomin Xie at Shanghai Jiao Tong University assesses the effects of carbon capture and storage (CCS) technology and cellulosic biomass and coal co-feeding in Fischer-Tropsch (FT) plants on energy use and greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions of FT diesel (FTD).

Coal

Coal Diesel Energy Emissions

Australia PM Gillard announces carbon pricing plan; transport fuels exempt, but lowered fuel tax credits to bring carbon price to some businesses

Green Car Congress

JULY 10, 2011

Australia Prime Minister Julia Gillard unveiled Australia’s carbon pricing plan—a core element in a new clean energy plan—in a short address to the nation. The Government intends to introduce legislation to underpin the carbon pricing mechanism into Parliament in the second half of 2011. Click to enlarge.

Tax Credit

Tax Credit Fuel Tax Carbon Australia

Battelle, Midwest Regional Carbon Sequestration Partnership release Phase II reports

Green Car Congress

NOVEMBER 16, 2011

The Midwest Regional Carbon Sequestration Partnership (MRCSP), led by Battelle, has completed its Phase II projects to evaluate storage of carbon dioxide in its nine-state region. The Phase II work helped identify both the opportunities and challenges for carbon sequestration and provided direction for future efforts.

Carbon

Carbon West Virginia Ohio Kentucky

Berkeley Lab releases 8th edition of databook on China’s energy and environment; finding the “missing” energy consumption

Green Car Congress

SEPTEMBER 30, 2013

The China Energy Group of the US Department of Energy’s (DOE’s) Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory (Berkeley Lab) recently released the eighth edition of the China Energy Databook —the most comprehensive publicly available resource known to exist covering China’s energy and environmental statistics. Click to enlarge.

Environment

Environment Energy Coal United States

Lawrence Livermore and Navajo Nation to partner in energy efforts

Green Car Congress

FEBRUARY 2, 2012

LLNL and the Navajo Nation plan to collaborate in an array of areas including energy security; carbon sequestration; coal gasification; shale gas; enhanced oil recovery; wind, geothermal and solar; environmental studies and other areas. American Indian tribes in the United States own about 15% of the natural resources in the country.

Energy

Energy Coal Utah New Mexico

Worldwatch: Fossil fuel subsidies continue to outweigh those for renewable energy; international pledges on reform unfulfilled

Green Car Congress

AUGUST 22, 2012

Total subsidies for renewable energy stood at $66 billion in 2010 (a 10% increase from the year before); the total value of global fossil fuel subsidies is estimated at between $775 billion and more than $1 trillion in 2012, Two thirds of the renewable energy subsidies went to renewable electricity resources and the remaining third to biofuels.

Renewable

Renewable International Fuel Energy

International study identifies 14 key measures to reduce methane and black carbon emissions; reduction in projected global mean warming of ~0.5 °C by 2050

Green Car Congress

JANUARY 13, 2012

A study by an international team of researchers, led by Drew Shindell of NASA’s Goddard Institute for Space Studies (GISS) in New York City, has identified 14 measures targeting methane and black carbon (BC) emissions that could reduce projected global mean warming ~0.5°C All 14 would curb the release of either black carbon or methane.

Carbon

Carbon Ozone Emissions International

Renault makes public its lifecycle study of Fluence ICE vs Fluence EV

Green Car Congress

JULY 11, 2013

Renault’s comparison of the carbon footprint of EV and ICE vehicles over production, operation and end of life. The study used the series production versions launched in 2011, with the assumption of operation for 150,000 km (93,205 miles). Abiotic Resource Depletion Potential (kg Sb equivalent). The EV footprint (Fluence Z.E.)

Li-ion

Li-ion Gasoline-Electric Ozone Diesel

UNEP study: small number of measures targeting black carbon and tropospheric ozone could yield immediate climate benefits

Green Car Congress

FEBRUARY 22, 2011

Black carbon and tropospheric ozone are harmful air pollutants that also contribute to climate change. Reducing black carbon and tropospheric ozone now will slow the rate of climate change within the first half of this century, the study said. Click to enlarge. °C (within a likely range of 0.2-0.7

Ozone

Ozone Climate Carbon Climate Change

EPA proposes rule for nationwide 30% cut in GHG from existing power plants by 2030 relative to 2005

Green Car Congress

JUNE 2, 2014

Specifically, the EPA is proposing state-specific rate-based goals for carbon dioxide emissions from the power sector, as well as emission guidelines for states to use in developing plans to attain the state-specific goals. Lower the electric system’s overall carbon intensity by shifting generation among existing EGUs.

2005

2005 EPA Power Powered

Study: even with high LDV electrification, low-carbon biofuels will be necessary to meet 80% GHG reduction target; “daunting” policy implications

Green Car Congress

JULY 3, 2015

An 80% reduction in US greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions by 2050 has been generally established as the de facto required domestic contribution to stabilizing global concentrations at low to medium levels, that is, 450 and 550 ppm carbon dioxide equivalent (CO 2 -equiv).

Carbon

Carbon EPRI Climate Gasoline-Electric

UN report finds world needs incremental $1.9 trillion invested in green technologies to avert planetary catastrophe; global per capita cap on primary energy consumption of 70 GJ/yr may be required

Green Car Congress

JULY 5, 2011

trillion in 2010) would be required to overcome poverty; increase food production to eradicate hunger without degrading land and water resources; and avert the climate change catastrophe. —The World Economic and Social Survey 2011. In addition, global carbon dioxide emissions have been increasing.

Global

Global Energy Green Coal

EIA projects world energy use to increase 53% by 2035; oil sands/bitumen and biofuels account for 70% of the increase in unconventional liquid fuels

Green Car Congress

SEPTEMBER 20, 2011

Worldwide energy consumption will grow by 53% between 2008 and 2035 with much of the increase driven by strong economic growth in the developing nations, especially China and India, according to the reference case in the newly released International Energy Outlook 2011 (IEO2011) from the US Energy Information Administration (EIA).

Oil-Sands

Oil-Sands Oil 2008 Oil Prices

Washington Governor Issues Executive Order Directing State Actions to Reduce Greenhouse Gases; Consideration of California Low Carbon Fuel Standard and Highway Electrification

Green Car Congress

MAY 24, 2009

Work with the existing coal-fired plant within Washington that burns over one million tons of coal per year, TransAlta Centralia Generation LLC, to reduce emissions from the company’s coal-fired power plant near Centralia by more than half.

Washington

Washington Climate Change Standards Carbon

Perspective: Despite Solyndra’s death, the future of solar energy is sunny

Green Car Congress

NOVEMBER 10, 2011

Flash forward to 2011, when nearly everyone is online, Internet technology has become more accessible and fortunes continue to be made. With subsidies long in place for nuclear, coal and gas in the US along with the cheap cost of production for coal and natural gas, solar is essentially competing with that $0.10/kWh

Solar

Solar Future Energy New Jersey

Shell to build LNG units in Gulf Coast and Great Lakes regions; two additional LNG for transport corridors in North America

Green Car Congress

MARCH 5, 2013

This decision follows an investment decision in 2011 on a similar corridor in Alberta, Canada. New policies unlock plentiful natural gas resources—making it the largest global energy source by the 2030s—and accelerate carbon capture and storage technology, supporting a cleaner energy system. Earlier post.)

North America

North America Transportation America Building

Mitsubishi Corporation, Weyerhaeuser to Explore Strategic Biomass-to-Energy Venture

Green Car Congress

FEBRUARY 2, 2010

The companies are specifically interested in assessing the feasibility of jointly investing in and operating a commercial-scale bio-pellet production facility in the United States by 2011. Bio-pellets are a renewable and carbon-neutral fuel made from biomass, which can include by-products from forest management.

Mitsubishi

Mitsubishi Corporation Energy Coal

IEA WEO-2012 finds major shift in global energy balance but not onto a more sustainable path; identifies potential for transformative shift in global energy efficiency

Green Car Congress

NOVEMBER 12, 2012

barely rises in OECD countries, although there is a pronounced shift away from oil, coal (and, in some countries, nuclear) towards natural gas and renewables. Despite the growth in low-carbon sources of energy, fossil fuels remain dominant in the global energy mix, supported. Energy demand. Fossil fuel remain dominant. Renewables.

Global

Global 2012 Energy Oil

Obama climate plan calls for new fuel economy standards for heavy-duty vehicles post-2018; cleaner fuels and investment in advanced fossil energy

Green Car Congress

JUNE 25, 2013

In 2011, the Obama Administration finalized the first fuel economy standards for Model Year 2014-2018 for medium- and heavy-duty trucks, buses, and vans. Methane currently accounts for roughly 9% of domestic greenhouse gas emissions and has a global warming potential that is more than 20 times greater than carbon dioxide.

Obama

Obama Cleaner Climate Fuel Economy

Blackham announces Scaddan CTL project could produce 15,000 barrels per day of Fischer-Tropsch diesel and naphtha

Green Car Congress

OCTOBER 10, 2011

Australian resource company Blackham Resources Limited announced that Phase II of the Preliminary Process Study (PPS) for its Scaddan coal-to-liquids (CTL) project has confirmed the technical feasibility of the production of 15,000 barrels per day of Fischer-Tropsch diesel and naphtha, or 6.1

Diesel

Diesel Coal 2011 Oil

New nickel-based catalyst could lead to more efficient production of biomass-derived fuels and chemicals

Green Car Congress

APRIL 22, 2011

Chemists at the University of Illinois report the development of a nickel-based homogeneous catalyst that could more effectively support the production of fuels and chemical feedstocks from biomass as well as improved liquefaction of coal. Hartwig (2011) Selective, Nickel-Catalyzed Hydrogenolysis of Aryl Ethers. Sergeev and John F.

Fuel

Fuel Production Hydrogen Coal

Celanese sees new TCX ethanol process as key component in future growth; a paradigm shift in ethanol production

Green Car Congress

MAY 13, 2011

TCX is the company’s new proprietary technology for ethanol production that builds on its acetyl platform and integrates new technologies to produce ethanol using basic hydrocarbon feedstocks—natural gas, coal and pet coke now, with biomass and waste planned for the future. Earlier post.). Source: Celanese. Click to enlarge.

Future

Future Production Coal Hydrogen

EIA Energy Outlook 2013 reference case sees drop in fossil fuel consumption as use of petroleum-based liquid fuels falls; projects 20% higher sales of hybrids and PHEVs than AEO2012

Green Car Congress

DECEMBER 5, 2012

Among its many findings, the Reference case suggests that US primary energy consumption will grow by 7% from 2011 to 2040 to 108 quadrillion Btu. However, energy use per capita declines by 15% from 2011 through 2040 as a result of improving energy efficiency (e.g., quadrillion Btu in 2011 to 14.0 than in AEO2012.

Fuel

Fuel Energy Sale 2013

President’s Jobs Council recommends an “All-in” energy strategy; from fossil fuels and pipelines, to efficiency, renewables and vehicle electrification

Green Car Congress

JANUARY 18, 2012

In its 2011 year-end report, Road Map to Renewal , the President’s Council on Jobs and Competitiveness (Jobs Council) made a number of recommendations to create jobs in the short run and improve US competitiveness over the long term. Optimize use of all US natural resources while protecting public health and the environment.

Renewable

Renewable Energy Fuel Coal

Department of Energy Formally Commits $1B in Recovery Act Funding to FutureGen 2.0

Green Car Congress

SEPTEMBER 30, 2010

The US Department of Energy has signed final cooperative agreements with the FutureGen Industrial Alliance and Ameren Energy Resources that formally commit $1 billion in Recovery Act funding to build FutureGen 2.0. as part of an integrated strategy to repower America’s coal industry. Earlier post.).

Illinois

Illinois Energy Mercury CO2

MIT researchers propose subsea version of pumped hydro for renewable energy storage

Green Car Congress

APRIL 25, 2013

The 1,000 wind turbines that the spheres could anchor could, on average, replace a conventional on-shore coal or nuclear plant. Slocum and some of his students built a 30-inch-diameter prototype in 2011, which functioned well through charging and discharging cycles, demonstrating the feasibility of the idea. Slocum, A.H.; Fennell, G.E.;

MIT

MIT Energy Storage Renewable Energy

Separate MIT, IEA reports both outline major expansion in role of natural gas; caution on climate benefits

Green Car Congress

JUNE 10, 2011

The new report, part of the World Energy Outlook (WEO) 2011 series, examines the key factors that could result in a more prominent role for natural gas in the global energy mix, and the implications for other fuels, energy security and climate change. World primary energy demand by fuel in the IEA high gas scenario. Source: IEA.

MIT

MIT Gas Climate Gas-Electric

USGS/BOEM study identifies method to differentiate between natural seepage and produced oils in waters off Southern California

Green Car Congress

MAY 22, 2012

Resource managers now have a method to determine the source of oil found in the waters off Southern California and differentiate between naturally seeped oils and those produced by offshore oil and gas production. The state is also using this chemical protocol to determine the origin of oil on oiled wildlife. Lorenson, T.D., Rosenbauer, R.J.,

Oil

Oil California Water Mariner

Study finds that worldwide SO2 emissions rose between 2000-2005 after decade of decline; China, shipping topped growth

Green Car Congress

FEBRUARY 15, 2011

The radiative forcing change wrought by sulfate aerosols may be second only to that caused by carbon dioxide, albeit in the opposite direction [i.e., Sulfur is ubiquitous in the biosphere and often occurs in relatively high concentrations in fossil fuels, with coal and crude oil deposits commonly containing 1–2% sulfur by weight.

2005

2005 2000 Emissions China

Georgia Tech life-cycle study finds TCO of medium-duty electric and diesel delivery trucks similar; electric life-cycle energy use and GHG lower than diesel

Green Car Congress

JULY 6, 2013

The research team calculated life-cycle energy use and GHG emissions including vehicle operation, vehicle production and end-of-life management, electric drive battery, and electric vehicle supply equipment; they also evaluated the total cost of ownership parameters with all monetary values in 2011 constant dollars. System boundary diagram.

Diesel

Diesel Georgia Energy Li-ion

Study finds PHEVs will reduce net emissions of CO2 and NOx; upward pressure on SO2

Green Car Congress

FEBRUARY 27, 2011

emissions drop significantly in switching from gasoline to electricity in NYISO but less in PJM because of the differences in generation, unless power generation with carbon capture and storage (CCS) is used. PJM shows nearly the opposite result with smart charging having significantly lower reductions in CO 2 emissions (relying on 98% coal).

PHEV

PHEV Emissions CO2 Gasoline-Electric

Study Concludes Peak Coal Will Occur Close to 2011

China team optimizes catalytic hydrogenation process to convert coal tar to gasoline and diesel

Modified SOFC anodes allow operation at lower temperatures with carbon-containing gases; potential for much more efficient and cleaner generation of electricity from coal

GE and Shenhua open coal gasification joint venture in China

EIA Energy Outlook 2011 more than doubles estimates of US shale gas resources; higher production at lower prices

MIT study concludes that absent climate policy, coal-to-liquids could account for around a third of global liquid fuels by 2050

IEA: carbon intensity of global energy supply has barely changed in last 20 years; “window of opportunity in transport”

Report finds Coal-to-Liquids and Oil Shale pose significant financial and environmental risks to investors

USGS assessment finds mean CO2 storage potential of 3,000 gigatonnes in US

Federal Task Force Concludes CCS is Viable, But Carbon Price Is Critical; Sends Recommendations to President Obama on Fostering the Technology

New phase of globalization could undermine efforts to reduce CO2 emissions

Texas Clean Energy Project signs long-term CO2 offtake agreement with Whiting Petroleum for enhanced oil recovery; 90% CO2 capture from IGCC coal polygen plant

US and Swiss researchers model two very high carbon emissions scenarios

Lifecycle analysis finds Fischer-Tropsch diesel from coal and biomass with CCS can use less fossil energy than petroleum diesel, with GHG close to or below zero

Australia PM Gillard announces carbon pricing plan; transport fuels exempt, but lowered fuel tax credits to bring carbon price to some businesses

Battelle, Midwest Regional Carbon Sequestration Partnership release Phase II reports

Berkeley Lab releases 8th edition of databook on China’s energy and environment; finding the “missing” energy consumption

Lawrence Livermore and Navajo Nation to partner in energy efforts

Worldwatch: Fossil fuel subsidies continue to outweigh those for renewable energy; international pledges on reform unfulfilled

International study identifies 14 key measures to reduce methane and black carbon emissions; reduction in projected global mean warming of ~0.5 °C by 2050

Renault makes public its lifecycle study of Fluence ICE vs Fluence EV

UNEP study: small number of measures targeting black carbon and tropospheric ozone could yield immediate climate benefits

EPA proposes rule for nationwide 30% cut in GHG from existing power plants by 2030 relative to 2005

Study: even with high LDV electrification, low-carbon biofuels will be necessary to meet 80% GHG reduction target; “daunting” policy implications

UN report finds world needs incremental $1.9 trillion invested in green technologies to avert planetary catastrophe; global per capita cap on primary energy consumption of 70 GJ/yr may be required

EIA projects world energy use to increase 53% by 2035; oil sands/bitumen and biofuels account for 70% of the increase in unconventional liquid fuels

Washington Governor Issues Executive Order Directing State Actions to Reduce Greenhouse Gases; Consideration of California Low Carbon Fuel Standard and Highway Electrification

Perspective: Despite Solyndra’s death, the future of solar energy is sunny

Shell to build LNG units in Gulf Coast and Great Lakes regions; two additional LNG for transport corridors in North America

Mitsubishi Corporation, Weyerhaeuser to Explore Strategic Biomass-to-Energy Venture

IEA WEO-2012 finds major shift in global energy balance but not onto a more sustainable path; identifies potential for transformative shift in global energy efficiency

Obama climate plan calls for new fuel economy standards for heavy-duty vehicles post-2018; cleaner fuels and investment in advanced fossil energy

Blackham announces Scaddan CTL project could produce 15,000 barrels per day of Fischer-Tropsch diesel and naphtha

New nickel-based catalyst could lead to more efficient production of biomass-derived fuels and chemicals

Celanese sees new TCX ethanol process as key component in future growth; a paradigm shift in ethanol production

EIA Energy Outlook 2013 reference case sees drop in fossil fuel consumption as use of petroleum-based liquid fuels falls; projects 20% higher sales of hybrids and PHEVs than AEO2012

President’s Jobs Council recommends an “All-in” energy strategy; from fossil fuels and pipelines, to efficiency, renewables and vehicle electrification

Department of Energy Formally Commits $1B in Recovery Act Funding to FutureGen 2.0

MIT researchers propose subsea version of pumped hydro for renewable energy storage

Separate MIT, IEA reports both outline major expansion in role of natural gas; caution on climate benefits

USGS/BOEM study identifies method to differentiate between natural seepage and produced oils in waters off Southern California

Study finds that worldwide SO2 emissions rose between 2000-2005 after decade of decline; China, shipping topped growth

Georgia Tech life-cycle study finds TCO of medium-duty electric and diesel delivery trucks similar; electric life-cycle energy use and GHG lower than diesel

Study finds PHEVs will reduce net emissions of CO2 and NOx; upward pressure on SO2

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