Green Car Congress

APRIL 1, 2013

Number of premature PM 2.5 - and ozone-related deaths attributable to seven broad classes of sectors in 2016 (thousands of premature deaths). and ozone air quality levels, population exposure and health burden to 23 industrial point, area, mobile and international emission sectors in the Continental US in 2005 and 2016.

Pollution 218

Pollution Ozone EPA 2005 218

Green Car Congress

AUGUST 29, 2013

1,000 to 21,000) deaths due to changes in ozone concentrations. 900 to 11,000) ozone-related early deaths per year. 300 to 4,000) ozone-related premature mortalities per year. 2000 (90% CI: 0–4,000) early deaths from ozone, according to the study. 53,000 (90% CI: 24,000–95,000) PM 2.5 related premature deaths and ?5,000

MIT 378

MIT Emissions Ozone Power 378

Green Car Congress

JUNE 27, 2014

After ten years in orbit, the Ozone Monitoring Instrument (OMI) on NASA’s Aura satellite has been in orbit sufficiently long to show that people in major US cities are breathing less nitrogen dioxide. Nitrogen dioxide pollution, averaged yearly from 2005-2011, has decreased across the United States.

Ozone 210

Ozone Maryland Pollution Aura 210

Green Car Congress

MAY 1, 2018

They found that levels of pollutants that can contribute to the formation of ground-level ozone, or smog, have failed to continue a fairly steady decline as estimated by the US Environmental Protection Agency. These results show that meeting future air quality standards for ozone pollution will be more challenging than previously thought.

Emissions 150

Emissions Ozone Pollution EPA 150

Green Car Congress

AUGUST 2, 2012

Following this BAU scenario, the researchers projected that air quality for the global average citizen in 2050 would be almost comparable to that for the average citizen in East Asia in the year 2005—an outcome which underscores the need to pursue emission reductions, according to the authors.

India 240

India Global 2005 Asia 240

Green Car Congress

JANUARY 23, 2020

That the reduction has not materialized—and that global emissions have instead risen—is a puzzle, and may have implications for the Montreal Protocol, the international treaty that was designed to protect the stratospheric ozone layer. This is not the first time that HFC-23 reduction measures attracted controversy.

Emissions 199

Emissions India Ozone 2017 199

Green Car Congress

JULY 7, 2011

The Cross-State Air Pollution Rule replaces and strengthens the requirements of the 2005 Clean Air Interstate Rule (CAIR), which the US Court of Appeals for the DC Circuit ordered EPA to revise in 2008. By 2014, the rule and other state and EPA actions will reduce SO 2 emissions by 73% from 2005 levels. NO x emissions will drop by 54%.

Pollution 199

Pollution EPA Transportation Ozone 199

Green Car Congress

JULY 6, 2010

This proposal reduces emissions contributing to fine particle (PM 2.5 ) and ozone nonattainment that often travel across state lines. By 2014, the rule and other state and EPA actions would reduce SO 2 emissions by 71% over 2005 levels. NO x emissions would drop by 52%. NO x emissions would drop by 52%.

Pollution 218

Pollution EPA Transportation DC 218

Green Car Congress

MARCH 13, 2010

Since 1990, nationwide air quality has improved significantly for the six common air pollutants: ground-level ozone; particle pollution; lead; nitrogen dioxide; carbon monoxide; and sulfur dioxide, according to the US Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) report “Our Nation’s Air - Status and Trends through 2008”. annual PM 2.5

EPA 186

EPA Ozone 2000 Pollution 186

Green Car Congress

FEBRUARY 20, 2009

EPA identified the violations addressed in the settlement during a series of inspections of the Texas City refinery initiated after a catastrophic explosion and fire in March 2005 that killed 15 people and injured more than 170 others.

Texas 150

Texas Ozone Diesel Parts 150

Green Car Congress

SEPTEMBER 25, 2016

These were shown to be ozone-depleting, however, and were targeted for phasing out under the 1987 Montreal Protocol. However, HFC-134a, while having zero ozone-depletion potential, has a very high global warming potential—more than 1,500 times as much warming as an equivalent amount of CO 2.

China 150

China Ozone Chinese United States 150

Green Car Congress

NOVEMBER 13, 2017

Two maps compare total annual sulfur dioxide amounts for India and China during 2005 (left) and 2016 based on Ozone Monitoring Instrument measurements. The researchers’ second data source was the Ozone Monitoring Instrument (OMI) on NASA’s Aura satellite, which detects a variety of atmospheric pollutants including sulfur dioxide.

India 170

India 2007 Emissions Aura 170

Green Car Congress

DECEMBER 21, 2013

As with its predecessor legislation, the MAP-21 provides funding to areas in non-attainment or maintenance for ozone, carbon monoxide, and/or particulate matter.

Colorado 250

Colorado Fuel Oklahoma Ozone 250

Green Car Congress

OCTOBER 14, 2009

Probability distribution for the committed warming by GHGs between 1750 and 2005. Cutting HFCs, black carbon, tropospheric ozone, and methane can buy us about 40 years before we approach the dangerous threshold of 2°C warming. —co-author Tropospheric ozone. From Molina et al. Earlier post.) Mario Molina. (Dr. Ramanathan.

Climate Change 186

Climate Change Climate Pollution Ozone 186

Green Car Congress

JUNE 3, 2010

From 2005 through 2020, total US greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions are projected to rise by 4% under a “with measures” scenario (but without a cap-and-trade program and other complementary policies), from 7,109 Tg CO 2 Eq. from 2005 to 2020. to 7,416 Tg CO 2 Eq., to 7,416 Tg CO 2 Eq., to 1,853 Tg CO 2 Eq. 5,813 Tg CO 2 Eq. 332 Tg CO 2 Eq.

Climate 199

Climate 2020 Emissions Climate Change 199

Green Car Congress

SEPTEMBER 25, 2009

degrees Celsius—even if GHG concentrations had been fixed at their 2005 concentration levels and without any other anthropogenic forcing such as the cooling effect of aerosols. The hole in the ozone layer has had a cooling effect on Antarctica, and is partly responsible for masking expected warming on the continent.

Climate Change 259

Climate Change Climate 2007 Ozone 259

Green Car Congress

MARCH 16, 2012

eutrophication; ET = ecological toxicity; FEC = fossil energy consumption; WU = water use; LO = land occupation; “The rest” includes acidification; smog formation; ozone layer depletion; and human health effects. GW = global warming; Eut. Credit: ACS, Yang et al. Click to enlarge. Credit: ACS, Yang et al. Click to enlarge.

Gasoline 357

Gasoline Water Emissions Minnesota 357

Green Car Congress

OCTOBER 22, 2009

Health and other non-climate damages by life-cycle component for different combinations of fuels and light-duty automobiles in 2005 (top) and 2030 (bottom). GHG emissions (grams CO 2 -eq)/VMT by life-cycle component for different combinations of fuels and light-duty automobiles in 2005 (top) and 2030 (bottom). Click to enlarge.

2005 246

2005 Cost Of Energy Coal 246

Green Car Congress

JUNE 9, 2009

Mikhail Chester and Arpad Horvath inventoried on-road, rail, and air travel to determine energy consumption, greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions, and criteria air pollutant (CAP) emissions (excluding PM, lead, and ozone due to lack of data).

Light 150

Light Emissions Energy Boston 150

Green Car Congress

JULY 28, 2012

They estimated year-2005 North American ethanol emissions of 670 GgC/y, with 440 GgC/y from the continental US. This is accompanied by a modest regional decrease in surface ozone (of order 1%). —Millet et al.

North America 240

North America America Emissions Fuel 240

Green Car Congress

APRIL 2, 2012

Most of this infrared radiation passes through the atmosphere, but some is absorbed by GHG molecules like CO 2 , methane, ozone and others. emissions in 2005. Based on recent emissions inventories (2000 for global and 2005 for the United States), the majority of global BC emissions come from Asia, Latin America, and Africa.

Congress 252

Congress EPA Carbon Emissions 252

Green Car Congress

MARCH 25, 2014

The 2005 “WHO Air quality guidelines” offer global guidance on thresholds and limits for key air pollutants that pose health risks. Therefore, the WHO 2005 guideline limits aimed to achieve the lowest concentrations of PM possible. Ozone is a major factor in asthma morbidity and mortality. WHO PM Guideline Values.

Pollution 358

Pollution Global Ozone Coal 358

Green Car Congress

JANUARY 27, 2015

Conceived in 2005, ACES consisted of three phases: Phase 1: Extensive emissions characterization of four production-ready heavy heavy-duty diesel (HHDD; i.e., gross vehicle weight higher than 33,000 lb) engines equipped with control systems designed to meet the 2007 standards for reduced PM.

Exhaust 150

Exhaust Diesel Engine 2007 150

Green Car Congress

APRIL 1, 2009

The program reduces the number of available allowances issued each year to ensure that aggregate emissions from the covered entities are reduced by 3% below 2005 levels in 2012, 20% below 2005 levels in 2020, 42% below 2005 levels in 2030, and 83% below 2005 levels in 2050. Supplemental Pollution Reductions.

Climate 186

Climate Standards Carbon California 186

Green Car Congress

OCTOBER 4, 2011

In 2005, Congress enacted the Renewable Fuel Standard as part of the Energy Policy Act (EPAct) and amended it in the 2007 Energy Independence and Security Act (EISA). Biofuels production has been shown to have both positive and negative effects on water quality, soil, and biodiversity. Barriers and opportunities.

Renewable 252

Renewable Tax Credit Conversion Standards 252

Green Car Congress

APRIL 29, 2016

Ethane reacts with sunlight and other molecules in the atmosphere to form ozone, which at the surface can cause respiratory problems, eye irritation and other ailments and damage crops. Between 2005 and 2014, the Bakken’s oil production jumped by a factor of 3,500, and its gas production by 180.

Global 150

Global Ozone Emissions North Dakota 150

Green Car Congress

AUGUST 30, 2009

In 2005, their sales increased even further, accounting for approximately 54% of all new car sales. 80.27, “high ozone season” means the period from June 1 to September 15 of any calendar year and “regulatory control period” means the period from May 1 to September 15 of any calendar year. 40 CFR § 80.27 Pursuant to 40 CFR § 80.27(a)(2):

Transportation 317

Transportation Fuel Renewable Gasoline-Electric 317