Green Car Congress

MARCH 26, 2009

China’s Yitai Group’s 160,000 tonne/year coal-to-liquids (CTL) plant in northern China’s Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region has produced qualified diesel oil and naphtha in its trial run. Construction of this indirect coal liquefaction project started in 2006 with a combined investment of near 2.7

Mongolia 150

Mongolia China Diesel Coal 150

Green Car Congress

AUGUST 14, 2012

Emissions in 2011 were 526 million metric tons (9%) below the 2005 level. Factors influencing the decrease included: In 2011, transportation-related carbon dioxide emissions fell primarily due to higher fuel costs, improvements in fuel efficiency, and a reduction in miles traveled. The commercial sector fell slightly (0.3%).

2011 231

2011 Emissions Energy CO2 231

Green Car Congress

DECEMBER 16, 2013

Natural gas overtakes coal as the largest fuel for US electricity generation. In some areas, natural gas-fired generation replaces power formerly supplied by coal and nuclear plants. In 2040, natural gas accounts for 35% of total electricity generation, while coal accounts for 32%. billion metric tons.

Oil 290

Oil Light Energy Vehicles 290

Green Car Congress

MARCH 27, 2012

Although emissions vary by plant and with the specific type of fuel, EPA provided illustrative examples of CO 2 emissions from EGUs: Conventional coal: 1,800 lbs CO 2 /MWh. Coal with carbon capture and storage (CCS): 200 lbs CO 2 /MWh. A company could build a coal?fired Natural Gas Combined Cycle: 820 lbs CO 2 /MWh. on controls.

EPA 225

EPA Power Powered Future 225

Green Car Congress

DECEMBER 5, 2012

US energy-related carbon dioxide emissions remain more than 5% below their 2005 level through 2040, reflecting increased. CO 2 emissions per 2005 dollar of GDP have historically tracked closely with energy use per dollar of GDP. The net import share of total US energy consumption falls to 9% in 2040 from 19% in 2011.

Fuel 225

Fuel Energy Sale 2013 225

Green Car Congress

DECEMBER 4, 2009

billion to accelerate the development of advanced coal technologies with carbon capture and storage at commercial-scale. billion in private capital cost share as part of the third round of the Department’s Clean Coal Power Initiative (CCPI). The US Department of Energy has selected three new projects with a total value of $3.18

Carbon 199

Carbon Alabama Coal Texas 199

Green Car Congress

JULY 31, 2010

Modern interest substituting biomass for coal or natural gas as a gasification or reforming (respectively) feedstock to provide syngas for catalytic conversion to methanol reaches back several decades. In a 2005 paper published in the ACS journal Energy & Fuels , Yin et al. Biomass to Methanol. Xiuli Yin, Dennis Y.

Sweden 247

Sweden Commercial Coal 2005 247

Green Car Congress

FEBRUARY 23, 2017

About two-thirds of China’s methanol feedstock is produced from coal and the remainder from coking gas (a by-product of steel production) and natural gas. China has abundant coal resources, and for more than a decade the country has increased its capacity to manufacture methanol using coal as a feedstock.

2000 150

2000 2016 Fuel China 150

Green Car Congress

FEBRUARY 24, 2016

A paper by a team from the University of Chicago and MIT suggests that technology-driven cost reductions in fossil fuels will lead to the continued use of fossil fuels—oil, gas, and coal—unless governments pass new taxes on carbon emissions. for oil, 24% for coal, and 20% for natural gas. —Christopher Knittel.

Chicago 150

Chicago MIT Tax Carbon 150

Green Car Congress

FEBRUARY 17, 2010

But energy leaders and experts recognize that as long as producing carbon pollution carries no cost, traditional plants that use fossil fuels will be more cost-effective than plants that use nuclear fuel. Total cost of the new units is currently projected to be approximately $14 billion.

Georgia 231

Georgia Obama Power Powered 231

Green Car Congress

OCTOBER 17, 2009

World production of fossil fuels—oil, coal, and natural gas—increased 2.9% Coal has led the growth in fossil fuel production. In 2000, coal provided 28% of the world’s fossil fuel energy production, compared with 45% for oil. By 2008, coal production represented a third of fossil energy production. Mbpd in 2005.

2008 150

2008 Oil-Sands Production Fuel 150

Green Car Congress

OCTOBER 22, 2009

Health and other non-climate damages by life-cycle component for different combinations of fuels and light-duty automobiles in 2005 (top) and 2030 (bottom). Source: “Hidden Costs of Energy”. The report estimates dollar values for several major components of these costs. Source: “Hidden Costs of Energy”. Click to enlarge.

2005 246

2005 Cost Of Energy Coal 246

Green Car Congress

FEBRUARY 7, 2009

The projects—led by FuelCell Energy, in partnership with VersaPower Systems, and Siemens Energy—have successfully demonstrated solid oxide fuel cells (SOFCs) designed for aggregation and use in coal-fueled central power generation. Cost of $700 per kilowatt (2007 dollars) for an integrated fuel cell power block.

Coal 150

Coal Low Cost 2007 2012 150

Green Car Congress

MARCH 18, 2013

Achieving those goals will will be difficult—but not impossible to meet—and will necessitate a combination of more efficient vehicles; the use of alternative fuels such as biofuels, electricity, and hydrogen; and strong government policies to overcome high costs and influence consumer choices. —Douglas M.

Hydrogen 244

Hydrogen Oil Plug-in Fuel Economy 244

Green Car Congress

DECEMBER 17, 2010

Assuming no changes in policy related to greenhouse gases, carbon dioxide emissions grow slowly, but do not again reach 2005 levels until 2027. After falling 3% in 2008 and nearly 7% in 2009, largely driven by the economic downturn, energy-related CO 2 emissions do not return to 2005 levels (5,980 million metric tons) until 2027.

Gas 199

Gas 2011 Price Energy 199

Green Car Congress

AUGUST 22, 2012

CSAPR (also called the Transport Rule) was finalized in July 2011 and replaced and strengthened the requirements of the 2005 Clean Air Interstate Rule (CAIR), which the US Court of Appeals for the DC Circuit ordered EPA to revise in 2008. EPA estimated annual costs of CSAPR at $800 million in 2014. Earlier post.).

EPA 236

EPA Pollution Congress District of Columbia 236

Green Car Congress

AUGUST 24, 2010

However, LanzaTech’s process uses nonfood, low-value gas feed stocks, including industrial waste gases such as those produced by steel mills, oil refineries, coal manufacturing, syngas from landfill-waste and reformed natural gas. Holmgren joined LanzaTech in June.).

Polymer 199

Polymer Waste Building Fuel 199

Green Car Congress

OCTOBER 27, 2009

Under the terms of the JDA, SGCE will have lead responsibility for commercializing the Group’s FT technology for BTL, WTL and Coal-to-Liquids applications. The JDA also provides for commercial involvement by one of SGCE’s partners, a very large industrial multinational. MW heat and 2 MW electricity for domestic and industrial customers.

Waste 262

Waste Commercial Austria Conversion 262

Green Car Congress

FEBRUARY 7, 2009

Lifecycle GHG emissions of CTL/CBTL/BTL compared to 2005 petroleum diesel baseline. Adding biomass to the coal in the CTL process (Coal and Biomass to Liquids, CBTL) can reduce the GHG emissions further, according to the study. Background colors of the cells represent the crude oil price required for economic feasibility.

Carbon 186

Carbon Diesel Fuel Coal 186

Green Car Congress

MAY 29, 2012

Not only will it be close to impossible to achieve the 2 degrees mark without China’s participation, but emissions reductions will also be more expensive because substantial costs would shift to only some countries. Eighty percent of those emissions came from coal, making China the consumer of about half the world’s coal.

Climate Change 324

Climate Change MIT Climate Tax 324

Green Car Congress

AUGUST 3, 2015

The rules establish the first national standards to limit CO 2 emissions from fossil-fuel-fired power plants, with a target of a 32% reduction against a 2005 baseline by 2030. The 32% reduction target is 9% more aggressive than in the draft proposal of the CPP released in 2014. Earlier post.). up to 1,700 heart attacks. 90,000 asthma attacks.

EPA 150

EPA Clean Cleaning Power 150

Green Car Congress

JULY 8, 2015

Geely Auto was the first auto manufacturer in China to conduct research and development into methanol vehicle solutions in 2005, and has since acquired dozens of patents. Methanol can be produced from a range of renewable sources and fossil-fuel based feed-stocks; in practice methanol is mainly produced in coal-rich China from coal.

Renewable 150

Renewable Carbon Water Fuel 150

Green Car Congress

FEBRUARY 27, 2011

Whitacre and Jay Apt found that compared to 2005 gasoline fleet efficiency levels, all charging strategies and CD mode efficiencies yield reduction of CO 2. PJM shows nearly the opposite result with smart charging having significantly lower reductions in CO 2 emissions (relying on 98% coal). Scott Peterson, J. L/100 km) efficiencies.

PHEV 240

PHEV Emissions CO2 Gasoline-Electric 240

Green Car Congress

MARCH 19, 2009

If no effort is made to reduce CO 2 emissions, the annual release from the United States could increase by one third from 2005 to 2030, according to the DOE. Reliable and cost-effective MVA techniques are critical to making geologic storage a safe, effective, and acceptable method for reducing greenhouse gas emissions.

Carbon 150

Carbon 2005 Store CO2 150

Green Car Congress

SEPTEMBER 15, 2011

The steam hydrogasification reaction, which CERT engineers began developing in 2005, has been found to be 12% more efficient, with 18% lower capital costs, compared to other mainstream gasification technologies when evaluated by the National Energy Technology Laboratory (NREL) of the US Department of Energy.

Waste 210

Waste Grant Fuel Gas-Electric 210

Green Car Congress

JULY 6, 2010

By 2014, the rule and other state and EPA actions would reduce SO 2 emissions by 71% over 2005 levels. To meet this proposed rule, EPA anticipates power plants will: Operate already installed control equipment more frequently; Use lower sulfur coal; or. EPA estimates the annual cost of compliance with the proposed rule at $2.8

Pollution 218

Pollution EPA Transportation DC 218

Green Car Congress

AUGUST 1, 2016

billion pkm in 2005 to 3009.74 million tons of coal equivalent (tce), which resulted in serious air pollution. He and Qiu estimate the overall demand of Chinese residents’ travel transport, and explore the effects on health outcomes and the economic costs by replacing a proportion of transport with cleaner travel modes.

Chinese 150

Chinese Emissions Commercial Vehicles 150

Green Car Congress

FEBRUARY 3, 2010

The LCFS violates the Supremacy clause, according to the complaint, because it conflicts with the Energy Policy Act of 2005 (EPAct 2005), Pub. Discouraging these fuels will simply increase costs while failing to prevent their export to and consumption by other nations. 109-58, 119 Stat. 110-140, 121 Stat. Earlier post.).

California 199

California Oil-Sands Oil 2005 199

Green Car Congress

JULY 7, 2014

As part of the transformation of Chinese industry, the government has committed to reducing the country’s carbon intensity by 40-45% by the year 2020, compared with 2005 levels (equivalent to 130 million tons of coal per year).

China 275

China Energy Green Grid 275

Green Car Congress

NOVEMBER 16, 2011

The second largest contributor was the Ohio Coal Development Office and the remainder of funding came from private contributions from some of the other 35-plus members of the MRCSP. Building on this foundation, a series of small-scale field validation tests were conducted in the Phase II portion of the program (late 2005 - early 2011).

Carbon 210

Carbon West Virginia Ohio Kentucky 210

Green Car Congress

MAY 13, 2010

The American Power Act, released as a discussion draft, targets reducing greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions by at least 4.75% compared to 2005 levels by 2013; by at least 17% compared to 2005 levels by 2020; by at least 42% compared to 2005 levels by 2030; and by at least 83% compared to 2005 levels by 2050.

Gas-Electric 210

Gas-Electric Climate Gas Energy 210

Green Car Congress

APRIL 14, 2015

Rising long-term natural gas prices, the high capital costs of new coal and nuclear generation capacity, state-level policies, and cost reductions for renewable generation in a market characterized by relatively slow electricity demand growth favor increased use of renewables. Transportation. quadrillion Btu (13.8

2020 150

2020 Energy Transportation Oil Prices 150

Green Car Congress

APRIL 1, 2009

The draft promotes development of carbon capture and sequestration (CCS) technologies to establish a continuing place for coal in the US energy mix. The draft includes a CCS early demonstration program, incentives for the wide-scale commercial deployment of CCS, and performance standards for new coal-fired power plants.

Climate 186

Climate Standards Carbon California 186

Green Car Congress

MAY 11, 2009

This work will advance project development activities including preliminary design and plot plans and provide construction cost estimates that would then continue to be refined throughout the subsequent detailed engineering phases of the project. Doug Miller, Executive Vice President of Renewable Energy Businesses for Rentech. Earlier post.).

California 170

California Power Powered Building 170

Green Car Congress

MAY 21, 2010

Oil alternatives can also be water intensive: ethanol from non-irrigated crops is comparable to oil sands mining, and options like coal-to-liquids can use 10 barrels of water per barrel of product, according to IHS CERA. Oil sands, like other complex oil projects, face the challenge of high development costs, the report notes.

Oil-Sands 186

Oil-Sands Oil 2010 Production 186

Green Car Congress

MARCH 6, 2010

This article shows that including offsets in climate change legislation would likely make an emissions program more cost-effective by: (a) providing an incentive for non-regulated sources to generate emission reductions; and (b) expanding emission compliance opportunities for regulated entities. Transaction Costs. Integrity Concerns.

Climate Change 218

Climate Change Climate Emissions 2008 218

Get Electric Vehicle

DECEMBER 3, 2021

The amount of coal-powered aluminium production has more than doubled since 2005, largely because of China’s expansion into the market. Electric vehicles store energy in enormous batteries with high environmental costs (the larger the battery, the longer the range). tons of carbon emitted, nearly six times as much.

Supplies 52

Supplies Pollution Gasoline-Electric Emissions 52