Green Car Congress

SEPTEMBER 20, 2011

World oil prices remain high in the IEO2011 Reference case, but oil consumption continues to grow; both conventional and unconventional liquid supplies are used to meet rising demand. In the IEO2011 Reference case the price of light sweet crude oil (in real 2009 dollars) remains high, reaching $125 per barrel in 2035.

Oil-Sands 220

Oil-Sands Oil 2008 Oil Prices 220

Green Car Congress

DECEMBER 19, 2010

Ceres recently released a new report concluding that coal-to-liquid (CTL) and oil shale technologies face significant environmental and financial obstacles—from water constraints, to technological uncertainties to regulatory and market risks—that pose substantial financial risks for investors involved in such projects.

Coal 210

Coal Oil Water Oil Prices 210

Green Car Congress

JULY 2, 2013

In contrast to arguments that peak conventional oil production is imminent due to physical resource scarcity, a team from Stanford University and UC Santa Cruz has examined the alternative possibility of reduced oil use due to improved efficiency and oil substitution. 2010, to above 140 $/bbl in constant 2010 dollars).

Oil 207

Oil Oil-Sands Fuel Economy Transportation 207

Green Car Congress

DECEMBER 16, 2009

Perspective by Deron Lovaas, Federal Transportation Policy Director, Natural Resources Defense Council. Oil is a strategic commodity second to none—it underlies the global economy and even the American way of life. Volatility hurts us too, for as we’ve learned the price of oil can rise sharply in a short period of time.

Oil 255

Oil Transportation Congress Fuel Economy 255

Green Car Congress

DECEMBER 16, 2013

Domestic crude oil production increases sharply in the AEO2014 Reference case, with annual growth averaging 0.8 While domestic crude oil production is projected to level off and then slowly decline after 2020 in the Reference case, natural gas production grows steadily, with a 56% increase between 2012 and 2040, when production reaches 37.6

Oil 290

Oil Light Energy Vehicles 290

Green Car Congress

APRIL 14, 2015

The Annual Energy Outlook 2015 (AEO2015) released today by the US Energy Information Administration (EIA) projects that US energy imports and exports will come into balance—a first since the 1950s—because of continued oil and natural gas production growth and slow growth in energy demand. Tcf in the High Oil and Gas Resource case.

2020 150

2020 Energy Transportation Oil Prices 150

Green Car Congress

APRIL 3, 2022

This collaboration comes at a timely moment, on the back of rising oil prices. As a nation with no natural resources, it is all the more important for Singapore to have an alternative source of energy that is reliable and economical.

Singapore 150

Singapore Hydrogen Corporation Japan 150

Green Car Congress

JUNE 5, 2012

Resulting gases are passed over catalysts, causing reactions that separate oxygen from carbon molecules, making the carbon molecules high in energy content, similar to gasoline molecules. Three different carbon tax scenarios are analyzed: no carbon tax, $55/metric ton carbon tax and $110/metric ton carbon tax.

Oil Prices 236

Oil Prices Tax Coal Hydrogen 236

Green Car Congress

AUGUST 15, 2010

Examples of emerging oil sands related technologies and trade-offs. The paper is an examination of how various choices about the scale of the life cycle analysis applied to oil sands (i.e., The source material is neither oil nor tar but bitumen, but is most generally described as an example of ultraheavy oil.”.

Oil-Sands 225

Oil-Sands Oil Emissions Coal 225

Green Car Congress

MAY 24, 2009

Oil sands supply chain. A new report from the Council on Foreign Relations (CFR)— The Canadian Oil Sands: Energy Security vs Climate Change — claims that prudent greenhouse gas regulations can limit emissions from Canadian oil sands while still enabling robust development of the energy resource. Source: Levi 2009.

Oil-Sands 150

Oil-Sands Climate Change Oil Climate 150

Green Car Congress

DECEMBER 17, 2010

The Annual Energy Outlook 2011 (AEO2011) Reference case released yesterday by the US Energy Information Administration (EIA) more than doubles the technically recoverable US shale gas resources assumed in AEO2010 and added new shale oil resources. —EIA Administrator Richard Newell. World liquids consumption grows from 83.7

Gas 199

Gas 2011 Price Energy 199

Green Car Congress

APRIL 10, 2009

A new study by the French institute Enerdata, commissioned by the European Federation for Transport & Environment (T&E), suggests that the European CO 2 standards for new vehicles due to come into effect in 2012 will lead not only to a European savings on oil (mainly via lower oil import volumes) but also to slightly lower global oil prices.

Oil 150

Oil Standards Price Oil Prices 150

Green Car Congress

JULY 4, 2013

The horizontal red lines show the comparable price of gasoline (before tax, refining margin 0.3 $/gal, exchange rate: 1 € = 1.326 $) with crude oil prices 100 $/bbl and 150 $/bbl. Source: VTT. 0.7 €/liter (app. US$/gallon US), with first-law process efficiency in the range of 49.6–66.7%—depending VTT Technology 91.

Carbon 218

Carbon Fuel Finland Gasoline 218

Green Car Congress

DECEMBER 15, 2016

Global Bioenergies is now entering the final phase of demonstrating its technology for converting renewable carbon into hydrocarbons. While Global Bioenergies continues with the demonstration phase of the technology, it will now amplify its strategy aimed at diversifying the resources compatible with its isobutene fermentation process.

Global 150

Global Green Production Convert 150

Green Car Congress

NOVEMBER 11, 2010

” also sees steady adoption of on-shore wind and electric vehicle technologies, but suggests that off-shore wind and carbon capture and sequestration look likely to fade or decline. Base case economics for EVs in North America are very challenging, absent significant disruption in oil price or battery cost.

Solar 295

Solar Boston Consulting Group Power Powered 295

Green Car Congress

MAY 26, 2009

The brief concentrates on six topics: climate change policy, carbon capture and storage policy, oil security policy, energy-technology innovation policy, electricity market structure, and infrastructure policy. Carbon capture and storage. Oil security policy. If the price later rose above $90, the tax would disappear.

Energy 150

Energy Price Oil Prices Climate Change 150

Green Car Congress

JANUARY 13, 2011

of carbon dioxide (CO 2 ) emissions in the US. Electrification will reduce emissions, with the scale determined by the carbon intensity of the power sector. Electrification will also reduce oil dependence, providing foreign policy benefits and the potential to reduce real oil prices and oil price volatility.

Transportation 252

Transportation MIT Oil Prices Oil 252

Green Car Congress

FEBRUARY 7, 2009

Background colors of the cells represent the crude oil price required for economic feasibility. These synthetic fuels are economically competitive with petro-diesel when the crude oil price (COP) is at or above $86 per barrel (based on a 20% rate of return, in January 2008 dollars, with a carbon price of zero).

Carbon 186

Carbon Diesel Fuel Coal 186

Green Car Congress

DECEMBER 5, 2012

AEO2013 offers a number of other key findings, including: Crude oil production , especially from tight oil plays, rises sharply over the next decade. Domestic oil production will rise to 7.5 Biofuels grow at a slower rate due to lower crude oil prices and. Overall findings. Biomass and biofuels growth is slower.

Fuel 225

Fuel Energy Sale 2013 225

Green Car Congress

DECEMBER 15, 2009

Penetration rates for the PHEV-10 and the PHEV-40 were compared to a Reference Case that assumes high oil prices and fuel economy standards specified by EISA 2007 (with modest increases after 2020, when those standards level off), as described in the 2008 Hydrogen Report from NRC. More substantial savings could be seen by 2050.

Plug-in 186

Plug-in Plug PHEV Hybrid 186

Green Car Congress

NOVEMBER 12, 2012

The WEO finds that the extraordinary growth in oil and natural gas output in the United States will mean a sea-change in global energy flows. barely rises in OECD countries, although there is a pronounced shift away from oil, coal (and, in some countries, nuclear) towards natural gas and renewables. Oil demand reaches 99.7

Global 225

Global 2012 Energy Oil 225

Green Car Congress

MAY 27, 2009

Projected growth in world carbon dioxide emissions. World carbon dioxide emissions are projected to rise from 29.0 World oil prices have fallen sharply from their July 2008 high mark. As the world’s economies recover, higher world oil prices are assumed to return and to persist through 2030. Source: IEO2009.

2006 150

2006 Emissions Energy Oil-Sands 150

Green Car Congress

MARCH 2, 2013

The US Department of State (DOS) has released its Draft Supplemental Environmental Impact Statement (SEIS) in response to TransCanada’s May 2012 application for the Keystone XL pipeline that would run from Canada’s oils sands in Alberta to Nebraska. The pipeline would primarily transport crude oil from the WCSB and Bakken regions.

Climate Change 250

Climate Change Oil-Sands Nebraska Climate 250

Green Car Congress

FEBRUARY 3, 2010

The National Petrochemical & Refiners Association (NPRA) filed a legal challenge to California’s Low Carbon Fuel Standard (LCFS) with the US District Court, Eastern District of California, Fresno Division. Earlier post.). 110-140, 121 Stat. 1492, and the federal Renewable Fuels Standard. NPRA President Charles T.

California 199

California Oil-Sands Oil 2005 199

Green Car Congress

NOVEMBER 24, 2010

Even with CCS, the liquid product costs are comparable to recent crude oil prices. For a liquids-only configuration, CCS is a cheaper option when the CO 2 price exceeds $12/tonne. Plant-level CO 2 emissions can be greatly reduced by using the CCS technology, the study found, without much increase in capital cost.

Coal 231

Coal Oil Prices CO2 Gas-Electric 231

Green Car Congress

OCTOBER 25, 2009

The focus of the work was on alternative jet fuels that could be available commercially in the next decade using primarily North American resources. Canadian oil sands and Venezuelan VHOs have the largest potential of several hundred thousand barrels per day of jet fuel, but their use would result in increased GHG emissions.

MIT 250

MIT Oil-Sands Commercial Available 250

Green Car Congress

NOVEMBER 7, 2010

pre- and post- decarbonization of the electric power sector—to which he referred as pre-CCS and post-CCS, respectively (although decarbonization was not necessarily via CCS—carbon capture and storage).) 90%) or to “repower” using lower carbon feedstocks or generation technologies (e.g. their CO 2 (e.g. ~90%)

Transportation 231

Transportation Convert Waste CO2 231

Green Car Congress

DECEMBER 22, 2013

The United States and the European Union have some of the world’s most aggressive policies for alternative fuel promotion, including volumetric mandates, lifecycle fuel-carbon-intensity requirements, and fuel-taxation schemes. RFS and California’s Low Carbon Fuel Standard. The Renewable Fuel Standard (RFS2) in the U.S.

Tax 262

Tax Tax Credit Industrial Industry 262

Green Car Congress

APRIL 30, 2016

A new study by consultancy Roland Berger defines an integrated roadmap for European road transport decarbonization to 2030 and beyond; the current regulatory framework for vehicle emissions, carbon intensity of fuels and use of renewable fuels covers only up to 2020/2021. BEVs fueled with low carbon, renewable electricity (for PC).

Transportation 150

Transportation Emissions Fuel Vehicles 150

Green Car Congress

OCTOBER 27, 2010

Both regions will benefit from rapidly expanding biofuels markets, ample land and water resources, and cheap labor, Pike suggests. Countries with significant dependence on foreign imports of oil will likely show increased interest in algae-based biofuels if oil prices continue to rise over the next decade.

2020 319

2020 Production Water Oil Prices 319

Green Car Congress

FEBRUARY 15, 2012

The KPMG study, “Expect the Unexpected: Building Business Value in a Changing World”, explores issues such as climate change, energy and fuel volatility, water availability and cost and resource availability, as well as population growth spawning new urban centers. Population Growth: The world population is expected to grow to 8.4

Climate Change 310

Climate Change Water Climate Global 310

Green Car Congress

NOVEMBER 25, 2009

The Clinton Project is a large-scale coal-to-liquid (CTL) project with non-food carbon neutral biomass providing supplementary feed (CBTL) as part of the Company’s carbon management plan. Projected output of the Clinton Project is a maximum 13,000 barrels of diesel per day (15,800 barrels of oil equivalent per day or 5.3

Coal 218

Coal Australia Diesel Oil Prices 218

Green Car Congress

MAY 15, 2012

Performance in the study is measured by such metrics as: (1) required selling price of the fuel; (2) crude oil price when the process will become economically viable; (3) the Well-to-Wheels (WTW) life cycle GHG emissions profile of the diesel fuel; and (4) the water usage associated with the facility. —White and Gray.

Coal 225

Coal Diesel Oil Prices Water 225

Green Car Congress

MARCH 25, 2010

An important precursor for some types of synthetic rubber is isoprene, a highly volatile hydrocarbon which is typically obtained as a by-product from refining crude oil. An intensive search has been underway for years for alternative sources of isoprene, in particular those from renewable resources such as biomass.

Manufacturer 249

Manufacturer Convert Renewable Polymer 249

Green Car Congress

JULY 12, 2011

The analysis is based on central forecasts of oil price, electricity. price and carbon pollution reduction scheme (CPRS)/carbon tax policy, and known information about the historic drivers for consumers in the vehicle. However, as EV and PHEV prices gradually reach. vehicle types (ICEs, EVs, PHEVs and HEVs).

PHEV 210

PHEV Oil Prices Australia Price 210

Green Car Congress

OCTOBER 22, 2015

The report, which covers US airlines in domestic operations in 2014, highlights a continuing gap in the carbon intensity of US carriers, and comes as the International Civil Aviation Organization (ICAO) meets in Montreal to debate proposals that will serve as the basis for future US regulation. Earlier post.)

Alaska 150

Alaska Fuel 2014 2013 150

Green Car Congress

NOVEMBER 27, 2011

produced more detailed analyses, but none combines the sectoral granularity, physical and resource constraints, and geographic scale needed for developing realistic technology and policy roadmaps. policies; long term rates of technology introduction were constrained by physical feasibility, resource availability, and historical uptake rates.

Climate 262

Climate California Fuel Gas-Electric 262