Green Car Congress

JUNE 17, 2012

Schematic diagram of a shale gas well following hydraulic fracture treatment, with the relative depths of local water wells shown for scale. Hydraulic fracturing (“fracking”) extracts natural gas by injecting a mixture of water, sand, and chemicals in short bursts at high pressure into deep underground wells.

Oil-Sands 250

Oil-Sands Gas Water Oil 250

Green Car Congress

NOVEMBER 17, 2014

EO28), were identified in hydraulic fracturing flowback and produced water using a new application of the Kendrick mass defect and liquid chromatography/ quadrupole-time-of-flight mass spectrometry. Surfactants reduce the surface tension between water and oil, allowing for more oil to be extracted from porous rock underground.

Oil-Sands 225

Oil-Sands Colorado Water Oil 225

Green Car Congress

NOVEMBER 29, 2009

At issue is the 2012 expiration of the Kyoto Protocol, a binding but effectively unenforceable 1997 treaty that had set greenhouse gas (GHG) emission reduction targets for 40 industrialized countries, referred to as Annex 1 countries, yielding an average GHG reduction of 5.2%

Climate 236

Climate Climate Change 2009 Emissions 236