Green Car Congress

MARCH 17, 2012

An analysis of the US refining sector, based on linear programming (LP) modeling, finds that refining plausibly high volumes of Canadian oil sands crudes in US refineries in 2025 would lead to a modest increase in refinery CO 2 emissions (ranging between 5.4% to 9.3%) from a 2010 baseline, depending upon the supply scenario.

Oil-Sands 247

Oil-Sands Oil Emissions CO2 247

Green Car Congress

SEPTEMBER 11, 2015

FCC units are found in most refineries worldwide and are used to produce gasoline and diesel from vacuum gas oil (VGO). When RFO is processed alongside VGO in FCC units at VGO displacement rates up to approximately 5%, RFO performs comparably to VGO on a volumetric basis producing spec gasoline and diesel.

Renewable 150

Renewable Diesel Oil-Sands EPA 150

Green Car Congress

JUNE 19, 2011

The second NABC insertion point (insertion point 3 on the diagram) is where the biomass is processed to a point where it is acceptable as a neat fuel or as a blendstock component to be blended with existing petroleum-based gasoline or diesel. Fermentation of Lignocellulosic Sugars. Hydropyrolysis.

Production 218

Production Fuel Oil-Sands Oil 218

Tony Karrer Delicious EVdriven

APRIL 28, 2009

It is reminiscent of the early 1900’s, when steam, electric, diesel, biomass, and gasoline power options competed on a level playing field for consumers’ attention. In the end, gasoline won out because it was the cheapest and delivered the most energy per unit, but it took 20 years to sort out. We have oil!

Manufacturer 34

Manufacturer Electric Cars Cars i-MiEV 34