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U Calgary study finds oil shale most energy intensive upgraded fuel followed by in-situ-produced bitumen from oil sands

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Taking this further, they estimated that the warming associated with the use of heavy oil amounts to this level of emissions could lead to about 0.002−0.009 °C increase in earth surface temperature, based on mid-21 st century carbon-climate response model estimates.

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State Department releases final environmental impact statement on Keystone XL Pipeline Project; analysis of GHG emissions

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However, for illustrative purposes, the DOS commissioned study estimated that incremental lifecycle US greenhouse gas emissions from displacing reference crude oils with Canadian oil sands crude oils imported through the proposed Project would be between 3 and 21 million metric tons of carbon dioxide emissions annually.

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IEA World Energy Outlook view on the transport sector to 2035; passenger car fleet doubling to almost 1.7B units, driving oil demand up to 99 mb/d; reconfirming the end of cheap oil

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Alternative technologies, such as hybrid and electric vehicles that use oil more efficiently or not at all, continue to advance but they take time to penetrate markets. Without a bold change of policy direction, the IEA warned at the launch, the world will lock itself into an insecure, inefficient and high-carbon energy system.

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