Green Car Congress

AUGUST 22, 2009

Scott Peterson, Jay Apt, and Jay Whitacre found that the percent capacity lost in the cells (they used A123Systems 26650 M1 cells, which are used in the Hymotion PHEV conversion packs) per normalized Wh or Ah processed is quite low: -6.0x10 -3 % for driving support and -2.70x10 -3 % for V2G support. Peterson et al. CEIC-09-02). CEIC-09-03).

PHEV 265

PHEV Li-ion Grid Lithium Ion 265

Green Car Congress

OCTOBER 20, 2009

However, in a companion paper assessing the economics of V2G for consumers, they also concluded that the maximum annual profit for a PHEV owner to engage in V2G (~$10-$120) would likely prove insufficient to encourage use of the battery pack for grid electricity storage and later off-vehicle use. Peterson et al. CEIC-09-02).

PHEV 186

PHEV Li-ion Grid Lithium Ion 186

Green Car Congress

MARCH 15, 2011

Classification of potential electrical storage for stationary applications. For example, they note, to regulate frequency, the energy storage capacity may not need to be long-lasting—minutes can be sufficient—but it must have a long cycle life because the system is likely to encounter multiple daily discharge events.

Li-ion 231

Li-ion Energy Storage Grid Carbon 231