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PNNL study outlines requirements for grid storage, reviews four electrochemical energy storage systems: vanadium redox flow, Na-beta, Li-ion and lead-carbon

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Classification of potential electrical storage for stationary applications. note the potential of each technology and explain what advances must occur with each if they’re ultimately to be deployed. Carrying charges, operation and maintenances (O&M), and replacement costs are not included. Click to enlarge.

Li-ion 231