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PNNL study outlines requirements for grid storage, reviews four electrochemical energy storage systems: vanadium redox flow, Na-beta, Li-ion and lead-carbon

Green Car Congress

Classification of potential electrical storage for stationary applications. For example, they note, to regulate frequency, the energy storage capacity may not need to be long-lasting—minutes can be sufficient—but it must have a long cycle life because the system is likely to encounter multiple daily discharge events.

Li-ion 231
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How clean is EV battery manufacturing?

Electric Auto Association

When EV batteries degrade enough to be unsuitable for cars (about 70% capacity remaining), they are re-used for electricity storage. Battery Usage Electric car batteries are generally warranted for 8 years or 100,000 miles, but new EV batteries are lasting much longer—in some cases, close to 500,000 miles.

Clean 74
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How clean is EV battery manufacturing?

Electric Auto Association

When EV batteries degrade enough to be unsuitable for cars (about 70% capacity remaining), they are re-used for electricity storage. Battery Usage Electric car batteries are generally warranted for 8 years or 100,000 miles, but new EV batteries are lasting much longer—in some cases, close to 500,000 miles.

Clean 59