Major study concludes achieving EU 2050 transport decarbonization goals will require portfolio of advanced powertrains; fuel cells, battery-electric and plug-in hybrids
Green Car Congress
NOVEMBER 19, 2010
Car manufacturers: BMW AG, Daimler AG, Ford, General Motors LLC, Honda R&D, Hyundai Motor Company, Kia Motors Corporation, Nissan, Renault, Toyota Motor Corporation, Volkswagen. In the study, the economic comparison between powertrains is based on the total cost of ownership (TCO). Medium- or heavy-duty vehicles were not included.
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