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PNNL study outlines requirements for grid storage, reviews four electrochemical energy storage systems: vanadium redox flow, Na-beta, Li-ion and lead-carbon

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Classification of potential electrical storage for stationary applications. The anode is metallic sodium in a molten state during battery operation. The cathode can be either molten S/Na 2 S x , which is known as a sodium-sulfur (Na-S) battery, or solid metal halides or Zeolite Battery Research Africa (ZEBRA) batteries.

Li-ion 231