Green Car Congress

DECEMBER 20, 2014

10 times that of graphite anodes used in lithium ion batteries. 270%) during lithium ion insertion/extraction induces enormous mechanical strain that causes pulverization of Si, loss of electrical contact, and uncontrolled growth of solid electrolyte interphase (SEI), resulting in rapid decay of capacity. (a) Credit: ACS, Sun et al.

Maryland 255

Maryland Li-ion F-150 Batteries 255

Green Car Congress

APRIL 21, 2011

They compiled a transparent life cycle inventory (LCI) in a component-wise manner for nickel metal hydride (NiMH), nickel cobalt manganese lithium-ion (NCM), and iron phosphate lithium-ion (LFP) batteries. They also found higher life cycle global warming emissions than have been previously reported.

Nickel Metal Hydride 334

Nickel Metal Hydride NiMH PHEV Li-ion 334

Green Car Congress

JULY 11, 2013

Photochemical Ozone Creation Potential (kg Ethene equivalent). Quantifies the production of pollutant ozone (? to ozone layer), the results of the reaction of sunlight on NO x and volatile organic compounds. Li-ion system production in the LCA. Characterizes the acid substances increase (NO x , SO 2.)

Li-ion 364

Li-ion Gasoline-Electric Ozone Diesel 364

Green Car Congress

JUNE 30, 2013

Generic process flow diagram for lithium-ion batteries for vehicles (color coded to present LCI data sources). It assessed three currently manufactured Li-ion battery technologies for EVs and two for a PHEV with a 40-mile all-electric range: lithium-manganese oxide (LiMnO 2 ); lithium-nickel-cobalt-manganese-oxide (LiNi 0.4

Li-ion 210

Li-ion PHEV Batteries Battery 210

Green Car Congress

FEBRUARY 17, 2014

Credit: ACS, Li et al. —Li et al. —Li et al. Bingbing Li, Xianfeng Gao, Jianyang Li, and Chris Yuan (2014) “Life Cycle Environmental Impact of High-Capacity Lithium Ion Battery with Silicon Nanowires Anode for Electric Vehicles,” Environmental Science & Technology doi: 10.1021/es4037786.

Li-ion 265

Li-ion Batteries Battery Milwaukee 265

Green Car Congress

SEPTEMBER 11, 2013

Computer model of Cu-SSZ-13 shows nitric oxide (ball-and-stick) interacting with a positively charged copper ion (copper ball) at an unexpected angle (red dotted lines). Zeolites are crystalline alumino-silicate minerals that can accommodate metal ions—metal atoms with a slight charge—for catalytic applications.

Li-ion 225

Li-ion Diesel 2013 Water 225