Gasoline, Gasoline-Electric and Universal

Stuff We Use: OBD2 Code Readers

The Truth About Cars

MARCH 18, 2025

In 1996, with computers having become ubiquitous in most new cars, the OBD-II specification was made mandatory for all passenger cars and gasoline-powered light trucks with a weight rating less than 8,500 lb (except California where it was required on all gasoline-powered vehicles up to 14,000 pounds so long as they had California Emissions).

Light

Light Maintenance Gasoline-Electric Gasoline

Electric-car charging: The basics

Baua Electric

FEBRUARY 16, 2025

Among those considering the purchase of a new or used battery-electric or plug-in hybrid vehicle, or just curious about EVs, charging can still be the EV dealbreaker. That said, keeping EVs charged requires a different mindset than you might use in fueling up gasoline carseven though seeing electricity as fuel isnt off the mark.

Charging

Charging Electric Cars Cars DC

Taxing the Distance

Energy Institute at HAAS

JUNE 16, 2025

But they consume less or no gasoline. Much of US road infrastructure is financed by taxing gasoline. With more people driving electric vehicles and sipping gas like it’s a fine bourbon, the trusty old federal gas tax may be quietly slipping into irrelevance. Saint Professor at the University of California Berkeley.

Tax

Tax 2018 2014 2016

Webinars

Tara's Event

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Large differences among the recent increases in the cost of powering gasoline, diesel, and electric vehicles

Green Car Congress

JUNE 2, 2022

This post examines the recent changes in the costs of powering gasoline, diesel, and electric vehicles. The expectation was that the cost of electricity had recently increased much less than the costs of gasoline and diesel. The reason is that, in the United States, oil is used to generate less than 1% of electricity.

Gasoline-Electric

Gasoline-Electric Gasoline Cost Of Diesel

CMU study finds small battery PHEVs and gasoline hybrids the least-cost policy solution to reducing gasoline consumption

Green Car Congress

OCTOBER 29, 2012

The federal subsidy significantly favors larger battery packs to a stronger degree than their potential for additional gasoline savings. air emissions and oil displacement benefits) in the near term per dollar spent than PHEVs and battery-electric vehicles (BEVs) with large battery packs providing longer electric range.

Gasoline

Gasoline PHEV Gasoline-Electric Battery

Electric cars are cleaner than gasoline ones in 95% of the world, study finds

Green Car Reports

MARCH 30, 2020

A new study confirms what electric car drivers already know: that EVs are cleaner than gasoline cars, even when emissions from electricity generation are factored in. The only.

Cleaner

Cleaner Gasoline-Electric Gasoline BBC

ATLIS Motor Vehicles and Clemson University partner to advance development of EV batteries

Green Car Congress

FEBRUARY 23, 2021

and Clemson University have partnered to advance development of electric-vehicle batteries that charge faster, last longer and can be scaled to fit a variety of vehicle classes. The CNI is located at the Clemson University Advanced Materials Research Laboratory in Anderson County. ATLIS Motor Vehicles, Inc. —Professor Rao.

Universal

Universal Battery Batteries Motoring

CoolPlanet BioFuels claims conversion yield of 4K gallons gasoline per acre biomass

Green Car Congress

FEBRUARY 22, 2012

CoolPlanet BioFuels, a start-up developing technology to convert low-grade biomass into high-grade fuels including gasoline, and carbon that can be sequestered ( earlier post ), claims it has achieved a conversion yield of 4,000 gallons gasoline/acre biomass in pilot testing using giant miscanthus, an advanced bioenergy crop.

Gasoline

Gasoline Conversion Gasoline-Electric Carbon

Student-built hydrogen Le Mans style prototype beats gasoline-powered cars in Supercar Challenge race

Green Car Congress

AUGUST 30, 2019

The “Forze VIII”, a hydrogen fuel cell Le-Mans-style prototype, became the first hydrogen-electric vehicle to beat gasoline-powered cars in an official race. In a field of 43 gasoline-powered race cars, the hydrogen race car started the last race of the weekend from the fourth position. —Zhi Wei Cai, Team Manager.

Gasoline

Gasoline Hydrogen Powered Power

Study finds São Paulo switch from ethanol to gasoline dropped local ozone levels by 20%, increased CO and nitric oxide concentrations

Green Car Congress

APRIL 29, 2014

A study by a pair of researchers at Northwestern University found that when fuel prices drove residents of São Paulo, Brazil, to switch from ethanol to gasoline in their flexible-fuel vehicles, local ozone levels dropped 20%. Electricity generation is mostly hydroelectric. The four-year study by chemist Franz M.

Ozone

Ozone Gasoline Pollution Gasoline-Electric

Researchers devise gasoline-fueled SOFC with high power density; potential for vehicles

Green Car Congress

JULY 10, 2014

Researchers from Washington State University and Kyung Hee University in Korea have fabricated a solid oxide fuel cell (SOFC) with a novel mixed conductivity MoO 2 -based anode that is fueled by direct feeding of premium gasoline without external reforming. They fabricated the MoO 2 -based anode via an electrospray process.

Gasoline

Gasoline Fuel Powered Power

Aramco, KAUST team finds hybrid gasoline compression-ignition architecture can reduce GHG 26-55% vs. conventional SI

Green Car Congress

APRIL 27, 2020

Researchers from Saudi Aramco and KAUST (King Abdullah University of Science and Technology), with a colleague from Shanghai Jiao Tong University in China, assessed the effects of adopting 4 hybrid architectures on the life-cycle GHG emissions of a novel high-reactivity fuel in an advanced compression-ignition engine (GCI).

Gasoline

Gasoline Hybrid Gasoline-Electric Emissions

New Mo-doped Ni catalyst for SOFCs enhances use of fuels such as gasoline

Green Car Congress

JUNE 10, 2020

Researchers led by a team at Washington State University (WSU) have developed a unique and inexpensive nanoparticle catalyst that allows a solid-oxide fuel cell to convert logistic liquid fuels such as gasoline to electricity without stalling out during the electrochemical process. —Qusay Bkour, lead author. Saunders, M.

Gasoline

Gasoline Fuel Gasoline-Electric Hydrogen

CMU/Yale study suggests BEVS could be majority or near-majority of cars and SUVs by 2030 given technology trends

Green Car Congress

JUNE 9, 2023

A study by a team from Carnegie Mellon University and Yale University suggests that BEVs could constitute the majority or near-majority of cars and SUVs by 2030, given widespread BEV availability and technology trends. Their open-access paper is published in Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences (PNAS). —Forsythe et al.

SUV

SUV Gasoline-Electric Gasoline Cars

Promising Delphi 1st-gen Gasoline Direct Injection Compression Ignition engine meeting ultra fuel efficient program targets

Green Car Congress

APRIL 17, 2014

GDCI engine was significantly better than advanced production spark injection gasoline engines, and comparable to very efficient hybrid vehicle engines at their best efficiency conditions (214 g/kWh). This early work established that gasoline-like fuels with high resistance to autoignition are preferred for PPCI. Earlier post.)

Gasoline

Gasoline Engine Fuel Wisconsin

Study finds energy savings of PHEVs relative to HEVs dependent on charging coverage and daily VMT

Green Car Congress

MARCH 11, 2014

A study based on a spatial and longitudinal travel dataset by a team from Lamar University, Iowa State University and Oak Ridge National Laboratory found that whether plug-in hybrids (PHEVs) have lower energy costs that conventional gasoline vehicles (CGVs) or hybrid-electric vehicles (HEVs) depends on charger coverage.

PHEV

PHEV Energy Charging Gasoline-Electric

MIT team proposes flex-fuel gasoline-alcohol engine PHEV long-haul trucks

Green Car Congress

APRIL 9, 2019

In a paper being presented at WCX SAE World Congress Experience in Detroit this week, a team from MIT is proposing the use of a flex-fuel gasoline-alcohol engine approach for a series-hybrid powertrain for long-haul Class 8 trucks. We think that the way to enable the use of electricity in these vehicles is with a plug-in hybrid.

MIT

MIT Gasoline Engine Fuel

DLR team develops demonstrator of free-piston linear generator as range extender for EVs; technology transfer to Universal Motor Corp.

Green Car Congress

FEBRUARY 20, 2013

Researchers at the German Aerospace Center (Deutsches Zentrum für Luft- und Raumfahrt; DLR) Institute of Vehicle Concepts in Stuttgart have developed a demonstrator multi-fuel free-piston linear generator (FPLG, or Freikolbenlineargenerator, FKLG in German) as a range extender for electric vehicles. Earlier post.) Earlier post.).

Universal

Universal Range Motoring Motors

New lifecycle analysis of WTW GHG emissions of diesel and gasoline refined in US from Canadian oil sands crude

Green Car Congress

JUNE 26, 2015

In a new, comprehensive study, a team from Argonne National Laboratory, Stanford University and UC Davis ITS has estimated the well-to-wheels (WTW) GHG emissions of US production of gasoline and diesel sourced from Canadian oil sands. This finding agrees with previous work.

Oil-Sands

Oil-Sands Oil Gasoline Emissions

German researchers seek to optimize methanol-to-gasoline process

Green Car Congress

OCTOBER 12, 2022

OWI Science for Fuels GmbH, TU Bergakademie Freiberg and RWTH Aachen University are investigating Methanol-to-gasoline (MtG) production for opportunities to optimize the process to produce ideal MtG fuels. Synthetically produced methanol-to-gasoline could be a carbon-neutral fuel option for passenger cars.

Gasoline

Gasoline Gasoline-Electric Pollution Hydrogen

Brazilian biofuels with LUC may have much higher non-GHG emissions than conventional gasoline and diesel

Green Car Congress

SEPTEMBER 24, 2012

When including Land Use Change (LUC) factors, Brazilian sugar cane ethanol and soybean biodiesel have much larger life-cycle emissions than conventional gasoline and biodiesel for six regulated, non-greenhouse gas (GHG) air pollutants, according to a study led by a team from the University of California, Merced. 683 g PM 2.5

Gasoline

Gasoline Emissions Diesel Brazil

U-M researchers challenge USPS EV environmental study

Green Car Congress

AUGUST 29, 2022

A new University of Michigan study finds that making the switch to all-electric mail-delivery vehicles would lead to far greater reductions in greenhouse gas emissions than previously estimated by the US Postal Service (USPS). The Postal Service said in February that at least 10% of the new mail trucks would be electric.

District of Columbia

District of Columbia Fleet Gas-Electric Gasoline-Electric

UC Davis report proposes mileage fee for EVs, maintaining fuel tax for ICEs to support road repairs

Green Car Congress

JANUARY 4, 2019

A research report submitted to the California Legislature this week by the University of California, Davis’ Institute of Transportation Studies proposes switching EVs to a mileage-based road-funding fee (road user charge, RUC) while continuing to have gasoline-powered cars pay gasoline taxes.

Davis

Davis Fuel Tax Tax Gasoline-Electric

Actual fuel economy of cars and light trucks: 1966-2019

Green Car Congress

JANUARY 7, 2021

million} plug-in electric cars and light trucks that were sold in the United States through December 2019 were still on the road, they would represent only about 0.6% million} plug-in electric cars and light trucks that were sold in the United States through December 2019 were still on the road, they would represent only about 0.6%

Fuel Economy

Fuel Economy 2019 Economy Light

Study finds particulates from auxiliary vehicle heaters can be up to 1000 times higher than from idling gasoline engines

Green Car Congress

SEPTEMBER 13, 2021

Researchers from Tampere University and the University of Eastern Finland have found that the particulate emissions of auxiliary heaters can be up to a thousand times higher than the particulate emissions of idling gasoline vehicles. Their open-access study is published in the journal Atmosphere.

Gasoline

Gasoline Engine Finland Exhaust

Geely supporting Danish initiative on e-methanol with vehicle trials in Aalborg

Green Car Congress

MARCH 30, 2022

Danish Minister for Transport Trine Bramsen, Aalborg municipal government representatives, and European media were invited to witness the first test runs of Geely methanol vehicles on Danish roads and visit the e-methanol production facility at Aalborg University. Both have their own advantages and together complement each other, Geely says.

Denmark

Denmark Vehicles Iceland Renewable

Actual fuel economy of cars and light trucks: 1966-2017

Green Car Congress

SEPTEMBER 30, 2019

Michael Sivak is the managing director of Sivak Applied Research and the former director of Sustainable Worldwide Transportation at the University of Michigan. Concerning the latter: Even if all 755,000 plug-in cars and light trucks that were sold in the U.S. through December 2017 were still on the road, they would represent only about 0.3%

Fuel Economy

Fuel Economy 2017 Economy Light

CMU analysis finds BEVs powered with natural gas-based electricity have about 40% of the lifecycle GHGs of a conventional gasoline vehicle

Green Car Congress

AUGUST 21, 2015

According to a new lifecycle analysis by a team at Carnegie Mellon University, a battery electric vehicle (BEV) powered with natural gas-based electricity achieves around an average 40% lifecycle greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions reduction when compared to a conventional gasoline vehicle. Earlier post.).

Gasoline-Electric

Gasoline-Electric Gas-Electric Gasoline Gas

Study Suggests That Optimal Use of Bioenergy as Fuel or Electricity Depends on Market and Regulatory Policy Contexts; Higher-Level Assumptions Can Constrain Questions and Affect Results

Green Car Congress

SEPTEMBER 30, 2010

A new study by a team from UC Berkeley and Stanford University suggests that determining the optimal use of biomass to reduce greenhouse gas emissions—i.e, suggested that converting biomass into electricity for EVs abates more GHG emissions than does converting biomass into liquid fuels for use in today’s conventional vehicles.

Fuel

Fuel Market Gasoline-Electric Gasoline

DOE to award more than $55M to 31 projects for plug-in and efficient vehicle technologies; Delphi receives $10M to further GDCI

Green Car Congress

AUGUST 14, 2014

The largest single award ($10 million) goes to Delphi Automotive Systems to further the development of its Gasoline Direct-Injection Compression Ignition (GDCI) low-temperature combustion technology ( earlier post ) that provides high thermal efficiency with low NO x and PM emissions. Michigan State University. Stanford University.

Plug-in

Plug-in Li-ion Plug Vehicles

Con Edison helping NYC drivers shift to EVs with more places to charge up

Green Car Congress

APRIL 12, 2022

There are now more than 29,000 electric vehicles registered in New York City and Westchester, including 1,262 added in February, the most recent month for which data are available, according to Con Edison, the electricity, gas and steam utility for New York CIty and Westchester County, NY. Electrifying Con Edison’s Fleet of Vehicles.

New York City

New York City Charging New York Gasoline-Electric

Hyundai Motor Group, Aramco and KAUST collaborate on new e-fuel for novel combustion system

Green Car Congress

MARCH 30, 2022

Hyundai Motor Group will collaborate with the Saudi Arabian Oil Company (Aramco) and King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST) jointly to research and develop an advanced fuel for an ultra lean-burn, spark-ignition engine that aims to lower the overall carbon dioxide emissions of a vehicle.

Hyundai

Hyundai Motor Motoring Motors

Vitruivan crowd-sourcing funding for novel biofuel from sewage treatment bio-solids

Green Car Congress

DECEMBER 25, 2014

Testing showed that blending EEB with diesel significantly reduces soot emissions, similar to how ethanol reduces emissions when blended with gasoline. EEB can also be blended with gasoline or burned to produce electricity. Vitruvian has modeled production costs at $2.58-3.73 per gallon.

Gasoline-Electric

Gasoline-Electric Gasoline Diesel Alabama

Renewable-methanol fueled Geely cars in fleet testing in Iceland; 70% reduction in WTW CO2 compared to gasoline

Green Car Congress

DECEMBER 12, 2017

The participants reported virtually no difference in driving experience compared to regular gasoline- or diesel-fueled cars. liter, 127 hp engine which can run on both 100% methanol (M100) and gasoline. The version used in the fleet test has a 50-liter methanol tank as well as a 10-liter gasoline tank. It features a 1.8-liter,

Iceland

Iceland CO2 Gasoline Renewable

Toyota unveiles flexible fuel hybrid prototype in Brazil

Green Car Congress

MARCH 20, 2018

Stakeholders including the state government, universities, and the sugarcane association (the Sugarcane Industry Union: UNICA) attended the event. The prototype is the combination of a flexible-fuel vehicle (FFV) that can be powered by both gasoline and alternative fuels such as ethanol, and Toyota’s hybrid system.

Brazil

Brazil Toyota Hybrid Fuel

Researchers use efficient microbial electrosynthesis cells to convert CO2 to butyric acid; upgrade to butanol

Green Car Congress

AUGUST 21, 2023

Researchers from University of Girona (Spain) successfully used electrically efficient microbial electrosynthesis cells (MES) to convert CO 2 to butyric acid. V and an electric energy requirement of 34.6 Romans-Casas et al. Solventogenic butanol production was triggered at a pH below 4.8 kWh el kg −1 of butyric acid produced.

Convert

Convert CO2 Spain Conversion

Argonne study finds BEVs can have lowest scheduled maintenance costs, but highest cost of driving

Green Car Congress

JUNE 15, 2021

Researchers at Argonne National Laboratory, with colleagues from Lawrence Berkeley, Oak Ridge, and National Renewable Energy labs, and the University of Tennessee, have published a comprehensive analysis of the total cost of ownership (TCO) for 12 sizes of vehicles ranging from compact sedans up to Class 8 tractors with sleeper cabs.

Maintenance

Maintenance Cost Of Chad Plug-in

Washington State/Boeing SOFC shows promise for aviation and automotive applications

Green Car Congress

JUNE 17, 2014

Researchers at Washington State University, with colleagues at Kyung Hee University and Boeing Commercial Airplanes, have been developing liquid hydrocarbon/oxygenated hydrocarbon-fueled solid oxide fuel cells (SOFCs) for aviation (the “more electric” airplane) and other transportation applications, such as in cars.

Washington

Washington Gasoline-Electric Gasoline Fuel

ADEPT project to apply gasoline engine HyBoost system to diesel; 48V architecture; full hybrid fuel economy at much lower cost

Green Car Congress

SEPTEMBER 4, 2013

The Ricardo-led Advanced Diesel Electric Powertrain (ADEPT) project will apply 48V “intelligent electrification” concepts, mild hybridization and waste heat recovery in a Ford Focus diesel demonstrator. In 2011, the HyBoost team reported that the HyBoost demonstrator was achieving comparable performance to the conventional 2.0L

Fuel Economy

Fuel Economy Diesel Economy Gasoline

New full LCA highlights complexity of environmental advantages and disadvantages of EVs relative to ICE vehicles; the importance of life cycle thinking

Green Car Congress

OCTOBER 7, 2012

Researchers at the Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU) have compared the emissions resulting from the production, use, and end-of-life of electric and internal combustion engine vehicles (EVs and ICEVs) in a full life-cycle analysis (LCA).

Gasoline-Electric

Gasoline-Electric Vehicles Coal Gasoline

UK researchers report that alcohols in windshield washer fluid are major unreported source of VOCs emissions from cars, including EVs

Green Car Congress

JUNE 8, 2023

In a recent open-access paper published in ACS’ Environmental Science & Technology , researchers from the University of York report that alcohols in windshield washer fluid account for a larger fraction of real-world vehicle emissions than previous estimates have suggested. Cliff et al. Cliff et al. Resources Samuel J. Cliff, Alastair C.

Emissions

Emissions Exhaust Cars Ozone

Cambridge team successfully tests hybrid light aircraft; 30% fuel savings

Green Car Congress

DECEMBER 23, 2014

Researchers from the University of Cambridge, in association with Boeing, have successfully tested a light aircraft powered by a parallel hybrid-electric propulsion system, in which an electric motor and gasoline engine work together to drive the propeller. Bio-Electric-Hybrid-Aircraft. Hybrid in flight.

Light

Light Hybrid Fuel Gasoline-Electric

Spatially explicit life cycle assessment of 5 sun-to-wheels pathways finds photovoltaic electricity and BEVs offer land-efficient and low-carbon transportation

Green Car Congress

JANUARY 4, 2013

Direct land use, life cycle GHG emissions (excluding indirect land use change), and life cycle fossil fuel requirements to generate the transportation services provided by 17.8 × 10 12 MJ NCV of gasoline, the amount used in transportation in the US in 2009. Credit: ACS, Geyer et al. Click to enlarge.

Transportation

Transportation Carbon Li-ion Conversion

Tsinghua University provincial-level lifecycle study finds fuel-cycle criteria pollutants of EVs in China could be up to 5x those of natural gas vehicles due to China’s coal-dominant power mix

Green Car Congress

JANUARY 12, 2013

In regions where the share of coal-based electricity is relatively low, EVs can achieve substantial GHG reduction, the team reports in a paper in the ACS journal Environmental Science & Technology. China recently launched several EV demonstration programs (e.g., Earlier post.]

Coal

Coal Pollution China Gas

Stuff We Use: OBD2 Code Readers

Electric-car charging: The basics

Webinars

Trending Sources

Taxing the Distance

Webinars

Large differences among the recent increases in the cost of powering gasoline, diesel, and electric vehicles

CMU study finds small battery PHEVs and gasoline hybrids the least-cost policy solution to reducing gasoline consumption

Electric cars are cleaner than gasoline ones in 95% of the world, study finds

ATLIS Motor Vehicles and Clemson University partner to advance development of EV batteries

CoolPlanet BioFuels claims conversion yield of 4K gallons gasoline per acre biomass

Student-built hydrogen Le Mans style prototype beats gasoline-powered cars in Supercar Challenge race

Study finds São Paulo switch from ethanol to gasoline dropped local ozone levels by 20%, increased CO and nitric oxide concentrations

Researchers devise gasoline-fueled SOFC with high power density; potential for vehicles

Aramco, KAUST team finds hybrid gasoline compression-ignition architecture can reduce GHG 26-55% vs. conventional SI

New Mo-doped Ni catalyst for SOFCs enhances use of fuels such as gasoline

CMU/Yale study suggests BEVS could be majority or near-majority of cars and SUVs by 2030 given technology trends

Promising Delphi 1st-gen Gasoline Direct Injection Compression Ignition engine meeting ultra fuel efficient program targets

Study finds energy savings of PHEVs relative to HEVs dependent on charging coverage and daily VMT

MIT team proposes flex-fuel gasoline-alcohol engine PHEV long-haul trucks

DLR team develops demonstrator of free-piston linear generator as range extender for EVs; technology transfer to Universal Motor Corp.

New lifecycle analysis of WTW GHG emissions of diesel and gasoline refined in US from Canadian oil sands crude

German researchers seek to optimize methanol-to-gasoline process

Brazilian biofuels with LUC may have much higher non-GHG emissions than conventional gasoline and diesel

U-M researchers challenge USPS EV environmental study

UC Davis report proposes mileage fee for EVs, maintaining fuel tax for ICEs to support road repairs

Actual fuel economy of cars and light trucks: 1966-2019

Study finds particulates from auxiliary vehicle heaters can be up to 1000 times higher than from idling gasoline engines

Geely supporting Danish initiative on e-methanol with vehicle trials in Aalborg

Actual fuel economy of cars and light trucks: 1966-2017

CMU analysis finds BEVs powered with natural gas-based electricity have about 40% of the lifecycle GHGs of a conventional gasoline vehicle

Study Suggests That Optimal Use of Bioenergy as Fuel or Electricity Depends on Market and Regulatory Policy Contexts; Higher-Level Assumptions Can Constrain Questions and Affect Results

DOE to award more than $55M to 31 projects for plug-in and efficient vehicle technologies; Delphi receives $10M to further GDCI

Con Edison helping NYC drivers shift to EVs with more places to charge up

Hyundai Motor Group, Aramco and KAUST collaborate on new e-fuel for novel combustion system

Vitruivan crowd-sourcing funding for novel biofuel from sewage treatment bio-solids

Renewable-methanol fueled Geely cars in fleet testing in Iceland; 70% reduction in WTW CO2 compared to gasoline

Toyota unveiles flexible fuel hybrid prototype in Brazil

Researchers use efficient microbial electrosynthesis cells to convert CO2 to butyric acid; upgrade to butanol

Argonne study finds BEVs can have lowest scheduled maintenance costs, but highest cost of driving

Washington State/Boeing SOFC shows promise for aviation and automotive applications

ADEPT project to apply gasoline engine HyBoost system to diesel; 48V architecture; full hybrid fuel economy at much lower cost

New full LCA highlights complexity of environmental advantages and disadvantages of EVs relative to ICE vehicles; the importance of life cycle thinking

UK researchers report that alcohols in windshield washer fluid are major unreported source of VOCs emissions from cars, including EVs

Cambridge team successfully tests hybrid light aircraft; 30% fuel savings

Spatially explicit life cycle assessment of 5 sun-to-wheels pathways finds photovoltaic electricity and BEVs offer land-efficient and low-carbon transportation

Tsinghua University provincial-level lifecycle study finds fuel-cycle criteria pollutants of EVs in China could be up to 5x those of natural gas vehicles due to China’s coal-dominant power mix

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