Strong continuing international demand for petroleum and other liquids will sustain US production above 2022 levels through 2050, according to most of the cases in the US Energy Information Administration’s (EIA’s) Annual Energy Outlook 2023 (AEO2023). EIA projects that the United States will continue to be an integral part of global oil markets and a significant source of supply in these cases, as increased exports of finished products support US production.

In AEO2023, EIA explores long-term energy trends in the United States and presents an outlook for energy markets through 2050 using different scenarios, or cases, to understand how varying assumptions about the future could affect energy trends. These cases include:

• The Reference case, which serves as a baseline, or benchmark, case. It reflects laws and regulations adopted through mid-November 2022 but assumes no new laws or regulations in the future. It also assumes the Brent crude oil price reaches $101 per barrel (b) (in 2022 dollars) by 2050.

• The High Oil and Gas Supply case, which assumes 50% more ultimate recovery per well for tight oil, tight gas, or shale gas in the United States compared with the Reference case. It also assumes 50% more undiscovered US oil and natural gas resources and 50% more effective technological improvements than in the Reference case.

• The Low Oil and Gas Supply case, which assumes 50% less ultimate recovery per well and undiscovered sources, and 50% more effective technological advancement than the Reference case.

• The High Oil Price case, which assumes the price of Brent crude oil reaches $190/b (in 2022 dollars) by 2050.

• The Low Oil Price case, which assumes the price of Brent crude oil reaches $51/b (in 2022 dollars) by 2050.

In the Reference case, EIA projectS modest growth in Us production of petroleum and other liquids through 2050, increasing about 10% from 2022. The other cases show a wider range of outcomes, ranging from a 48% increase in US production between 2022 and 2050 in the High Oil and Gas Supply case to a 35% decrease in production in the Low Oil and Gas Supply case.

In the High Oil Price case, US crude oil production initially increases rapidly due to high prices. However, crude oil production begins to fall after 2030 because wells are drilled increasingly close to one another, resulting in less well productivity. Eventually this trend becomes unprofitable, at which point new drilling stops. Because of the lack of new drilling, petroleum and other liquids production decreases between 2030 and 2050.

By 2050, EIA projectS in the High Oil Price case that production increases by 27% compared with 2022, much less than the increase projected in the High Oil and Gas Supply case over the same time period.

Although domestic consumption of petroleum and other liquids does not increase through 2040 across most cases, production of US petroleum and other liquids remains high because of more exports of finished products. In the High Oil Price case, increased production leads to the most US exports among all cases over the projection period at 9.13 million barrels per day (b/d) by 2050, more than double the 3.9 million b/d exported in 2022. The Low Oil Price case shows the opposite trend with the least 2050 export volumes of 407,000 b/d, nearly 90% less than 2022 exports.