Climate Change, Comparison and Universal

Why EVs Aren't a Climate Change Panacea

Cars That Think

JANUARY 28, 2023

For instance, Alexandre Milovanoff at the University of Toronto and his colleagues’ research (which is described in depth in a recent Spectrum article ) demonstrates the U.S. This is due to the 30 to 40 percent increase in emissions EVs create in comparison to manufacturing an ICE vehicle, mainly from its battery production.

Climate Change

Climate Change Climate San Diego Emissions

UCLA/LLNL study concludes most climate models overestimate increase in global precipitation due to climate change

Green Car Congress

DECEMBER 10, 2015

UCLA and Lawrence Livermore researchers have found that most climate models overestimate the increase in global precipitation due to climate change. Conveniently, this quantity can be measured from space, allowing the team to assess how well the models capture the physics controlling changes in global precipitation.

Climate Change

Climate Change Climate Global Los Angeles

Scientists call for careful use of time scales, reference dates and statistical approaches in analyzing climate change trends to avoid distortion and hampering of response

Green Car Congress

JUNE 19, 2012

Demonstrating that the use of different time scales, reference dates, and statistical approaches can generate highly disparate results in climate reports, scientists at the University of Alaska Anchorage argue that careful use of these tools is critical for correctly interpreting and reporting climatic trends in Alaska and other polar regions.

Climate Change

Climate Change Climate Alaska 2009

New Tool to Assist in Deciding Whether to Use Managed Relocation of Species in Adaptation to Climate Change

Green Car Congress

MAY 27, 2009

A new tool to help decision-makers determine if, when and how to use managed relocation of species to help them adapt to rapid climate change and other threats is described in the current issue of the Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences (PNAS) by a multi-disciplinary working group.

Climate Change

Climate Change Climate South Africa Universal

Global Carbon Project: Global carbon emissions growth slows, but hits record high

Green Car Congress

DECEMBER 5, 2019

Driven by rising natural gas and oil consumption, levels of CO 2 are expected to hit 37 billion metric tons this year, according to new estimates from the Global Carbon Project (GCP), an initiative led by Stanford University scientist Rob Jackson. Carbon dioxide emissions continue to grow despite emerging climate policies by G.P.

Carbon

Carbon Global Emissions Climate Change

Study measures the effect of regional change in clouds caused by ships’ emissions; masking GHG warming

Green Car Congress

MARCH 25, 2020

This puffy line is not just exhaust from the engine, but a change in the clouds that’s caused by small airborne particles of pollution. New research led by the University of Washington (UW) is the first to measure this phenomenon’s effect over years and at a regional scale. Michael Diamond/University of Washington. C, or 1.8 ?F,

Emissions

Emissions Pollution 2003 Climate

Hadley Centre: Average 4 C Warming Could Happen Within a Human Lifetime, With Even Greater Warming in Many Regions

Green Car Congress

SEPTEMBER 28, 2009

Comparison of surface temperature projections from the high-end emissions scenario, without carbon cycle feedbacks. One of the UK’s leading climate scientists has presented new research findings on the increasing potential for a 4 degrees Celsius (7.2 °F) Source: Met Office. Click to enlarge.

Climate Change

Climate Change Climate Mauritius Ethiopia

EPIC: state-level renewable electricity mandates increase electricity prices up to 17% over 12 years; cost more expensive than benefit

Green Car Congress

APRIL 30, 2019

As states take the lead in confronting climate change, a flagship policy is often Renewable Portfolio Standards (RPS). —co-author Michael Greenstone, the Milton Friedman Distinguished Service Professor in Economics and director of the Energy Policy Institute at the University of Chicago (EPIC).

Renewable

Renewable Price District of Columbia Chicago

Study finds rising temperatures increase risk of unhealthy ozone levels absent sharp cuts in precursors

Green Car Congress

MAY 5, 2014

Warmer temperatures and other changes in the atmosphere related to a changing climate, including higher atmospheric levels of methane, spur the chemical reactions that lead to ozone. To examine the impacts of climate change on ozone pollution, NCAR scientist Gabriele Pfister and her colleagues looked at two scenarios.

Ozone

Ozone Climate Change Pollution Climate

Carnegie study finds climate impact of particulates varies greatly depending on where the pollution originated

Green Car Congress

AUGUST 20, 2018

However, aerosols have a much shorter lifespan in the atmosphere than the gases responsible for global warming, resulting in an atmospheric distribution that varies by region, especially in comparison to carbon dioxide. For example, aerosols from India cool their country of origin 20 times more than they cool the planet.

Climate

Climate Pollution San Diego India

U. Mich study: natural-gas-based ICE, BEV and FCV all show promise for environmental benefits relative to conventional ICE

Green Car Congress

AUGUST 19, 2014

Results of a lifecycle analysis by a team at the University of Michigan suggest that multiple types of natural gas-powered vehicles—i.e., Results of a lifecycle analysis by a team at the University of Michigan suggest that multiple types of natural gas-powered vehicles—i.e., Credit: ACS, Dai and Lastoskie. Click to enlarge.

Gas

Gas Li-ion Gas-Electric Conversion

Tsinghua University provincial-level lifecycle study finds fuel-cycle criteria pollutants of EVs in China could be up to 5x those of natural gas vehicles due to China’s coal-dominant power mix

Green Car Congress

JANUARY 12, 2013

It also assesses the strengths and weaknesses of EVs and CNGVs from a perspective of climate change and environmental impact. Until then, however, these NO x and SO 2 emissions are a disadvantage of EVs in comparison with CNGVs. Consumption-based power mixes and NG transmission distances by Chinese province in 2010.

Coal

Coal Pollution China Gas

Study Finds North Carolina Sea Levels Rising Three Times Faster Than in Previous 500 Years

Green Car Congress

OCTOBER 29, 2009

An international team of environmental scientists led by the University of Pennsylvania has shown that sea-level rise, at least in North Carolina, is accelerating. In addition, this jump appears to occur between 1879 and 1915, a time of industrial change that may provide a direct link to human-induced climate change.

North Carolina

North Carolina Climate Change Universal Pennsylvania

The $32-Trillion Push To Disrupt The Entire Oil Industry

Green Car Congress

FEBRUARY 28, 2019

The first signs of a green revolution in the shareholder-investors universe are there, as investors have forced Dutch oil and gas major Shell to officially change its strategy, investing in more renewable energy and energy storage. The latter is partly caused by “global warming constraints” and lower oil prices in general.

Oil

Oil Industrial Industry Financing

Study finds perennial biofuel crops’ water consumption similar to corn

Green Car Congress

JULY 7, 2015

The study, led by GLBRC scientist and Michigan State University professor of ecosystem ecology Stephen Hamilton, is the first multi-year effort to compare the water use of conventional corn crops to the perennial cropping systems of switchgrass, miscanthus, native grasses, restored prairies, and hybrid poplar trees. —Hamilton et al.

Water

Water Climate Change Climate Environment

Field study finds soot particles absorb significantly less sunlight than predicted by models; climate models may be overestimating warming by BC

Green Car Congress

SEPTEMBER 1, 2012

Although viewed as a potential target in the global effort to reduce climate change, atmospheric black carbon particles absorb significantly less sunlight than scientists have predicted, according to a new study by an international team of researchers, published in the journal Science. Credit: Cappa et al. Click to enlarge.

Climate

Climate Climate Change Carbon Boston

Study finds that environmental impact of corn-ethanol E85 is 23% to 33% higher than that of gasoline; environmental problem-shifting

Green Car Congress

MARCH 16, 2012

In a similar way, the full breadth of impacts attributable to conventional gasoline production, such as natural resource consumption and hazardous pollutant emissions, must also be considered in order to make balanced comparisons to biofuels. This study highlighted the environmental impacts of corn ethanol in comparison with gasoline.

Gasoline

Gasoline Water Emissions Minnesota

Lifecycle study finds fuel switching from diesel to natural gas could produce net climate damage absent reductions in CH4 emissions and improved vehicle efficiency

Green Car Congress

MAY 20, 2015

Otherwise, fuel switching can produce net climate damages (more radiative forcing) for decades. since natural gas has relatively low carbon intensity, releasing less carbon dioxide (CO 2 ) per unit of usable energy than other fossil fuels, it is often assumed that switching to natural gas is comparatively beneficial for the climate.

Climate

Climate Diesel Gas Emissions

U Chicago, MIT study suggests ongoing use of fossil fuels absent new carbon taxes

Green Car Congress

FEBRUARY 24, 2016

A paper by a team from the University of Chicago and MIT suggests that technology-driven cost reductions in fossil fuels will lead to the continued use of fossil fuels—oil, gas, and coal—unless governments pass new taxes on carbon emissions. Their analysis is published in the Journal of Economic Perspectives. F of warming.

Chicago

Chicago MIT Tax Carbon

Study Links Accelerating Uplift of Greenland to Accelerated Melting of Ice

Green Car Congress

MAY 19, 2010

A study by a team of researchers from the Rosenstiel School of Marine and Atmospheric Science, University of Miami found that the acceleration of upward vertical motion of the rocky margins of Greenland indicates that accelerated ice loss in western Greenland started in the late 1990s.

Miami

Miami Iceland Mariner Universal

Consortium proposes large-scale industrial cultivation of marine microalgae (ICCM) as solution to global energy, food, and climate issues

Green Car Congress

DECEMBER 5, 2016

Members of the Marine Algae Industrialization Consortium (MAGIC), led by Duke University in North Carolina, have published an open-access paper in the journal Oceanography presenting the large-scale industrial cultivation of marine microalgae (ICMM) as an answer to pressing global energy, food and climate security issues.

Mariner

Mariner Climate Global Industrial

New study finds GHG emissions from palm oil production significantly underestimated; palm oil biofuels could be more climate-damaging than oil sands fuels

Green Car Congress

APRIL 27, 2012

The research team included members from the National University of Singapore; Stichting Deltares, The Netherlands; International Council on Clean Transportation (ICCT), Washington, DC; and the University of Leicester, UK. —Miettinen et al. Chris Malins.

Oil-Sands

Oil-Sands Oil Emissions Climate

U Calgary study finds oil shale most energy intensive upgraded fuel followed by in-situ-produced bitumen from oil sands

Green Car Congress

JULY 10, 2015

A team at the University of Calgary (Canada) has compared the energy intensities and lifecycle GHG emissions of unconventional oils (oil sands and oil shale) alongside shale gas, coal, lignite, wood and conventional oil and gas. By comparison, oil shale has NERs (or EROI) of 1.6−2.0 —Nduagu & Gates. Credit: ACS, Nduagu & Gates.

Oil-Sands

Oil-Sands Oil Energy Fuel

Study on Greenhouse Gas Emissions from Global Cities Highlights Importance of Geophysical and Technical Factors

Green Car Congress

SEPTEMBER 7, 2009

They calculated emissions for ten cities (or metropolitan regions), which vary in population from 432,000 to 9,519,000; comparisons are in per capita terms. Authors of the study included: Christopher Kennedy, University of Toronto. Julia Steinberger, University of Klagenfurt. Barrie Gasson, University of Cape Town.

Emissions

Emissions Global Gas Los Angeles

Researchers Sequence the Maize (Corn) Genome

Green Car Congress

NOVEMBER 23, 2009

Resulting improved strains of maize may, for example, produce larger yields, show resistance to disease, offer efficiencies in nitrogen use that would enable farmers to reduce applications of costly, polluting fertilizers, and tolerate changes in rainfall or temperature accompanying climate change.

St. Louis

St. Louis Iowa Mexico Universal

Forecasting the Ice Loss of Greenland’s Glaciers With Viscoelastic Modeling

Cars That Think

JANUARY 27, 2023

1) Greenland’s sparsely populated landscape may seem unspoiled, but climate change is actually tearing away at its icy mantle. 3) He says, “The models for Greenland underestimate the current changes in the ice sheet due to climate change.” One Glacier That Holds 1.1 It is a fantastic tool for trying out new ideas.

Climate Change

Climate Change Water Mariner Climate

PNNL modeling study finds climate benefit for cutting soot, methane smaller than previous estimates

Green Car Congress

AUGUST 13, 2013

Cutting the amount of short-lived, climate-warming emissions such as soot and methane won’t limit global warming as much as previous studies have suggested, according to a new study from the Joint Global Change Research Institute in College Park, Md., degrees to a high of 0.35

Climate

Climate Pollution Carbon Emissions

Met Office: Current Decade Already Hottest On Record

Green Car Congress

DECEMBER 9, 2009

Comparison of land surface temperature trends, as analyzed by HadCRUT, NCDC/NOAA, and GISS/NASA climate data models, using land, ocean, and satellite-based records. The datasets are maintained by: Hadley Centre of the UK Met Office in conjunction with the Climatic. Research Unit, University of East Anglia, United Kingdom.

2009

2009 Climate 2000 Climate Change

GWU team demonstrates one-pot process for optimized synthesis of controlled CNTs from CO2; coupling cement and C2CNT

Green Car Congress

MARCH 27, 2017

Researchers at George Washington University led by Dr. Stuart Licht ( earlier post ) have developed a new process that transforms CO 2 into a controlled selection of nanotubes (CNTs) via molten electrolysis; they call the process C2CNT (CO2 into carbon nanotubes). —Licht (2017). 2017.02.005.

CO2

CO2 Carbon Gas-Electric 2017

Study concludes that sugar cane-based biorefineries producing ethanol and electricity could power a global auto fleet of hybrids and EVs using only 4% of available cropland

Green Car Congress

OCTOBER 24, 2011

In comparison, the proportional Brazilian fleet would be comprised of 20 million hybrid and 12 million electric vehicles. These energy consumption figures equate to a US fleet comprised of 143 million hybrid and 86 million electric vehicles.

Fleet

Fleet Available Hybrid Power

U-Mich researcher’s first-principles analysis challenges conventional carbon accounting for biofuels; implications for climate policy

Green Car Congress

SEPTEMBER 24, 2013

In a paper that could have a significant impact on climate policies for transportation fuels, Dr. John M. DeCicco of the Energy Institute at the University of Michigan, Ann Arbor presents a rigorous first-principles analysis that undermines the common “biofuels recycle carbon” argument. Climactic Change doi: 10.1007/s10584-013-0927-9.

Climate

Climate Carbon CO2 Emissions

Lifecycle Study Finds Algae as Bioenergy Feedstock Has Higher Environmental Impacts than Conventional Crops in Energy Use, GHG Emissions, and Water Use; The Importance of Using Waste Streams

Green Car Congress

JANUARY 19, 2010

Terrestrial bioenergy feedstock crops such as switchgrass, canola and corn have lower environmental lifecycle impacts than algae in energy use, greenhouse gas emissions, and water regardless of cultivation location, according to a new lifecycle assessment by researchers at the University of Virginia. Clarens et al. Clarens, Eleazer P.

Water

Water Waste Energy Emissions

Study suggests current levels of methane leakage would result in numerous decades of more rapid climate change from a shift to natural gas vehicles

Green Car Congress

APRIL 10, 2012

Pacala, Princeton University; James J. Chameides, Duke University; and Steven P. Hamburg, EDF—assessed the climate-forcing implications of three US-specific fuel-switching scenarios: from gasoline, diesel fuel, and coal to natural gas. CNG vehicles fare even worse in comparison to heavy-duty diesel vehicles.

Climate Change

Climate Change Climate Gas Coal

Study casting doubt on GHG benefits of corn stover ethanol draws sharp criticism by other researchers; Liska responds

Green Car Congress

OCTOBER 30, 2014

A study published earlier this year in the journal Nature Climate Change that cast doubt on whether biofuels produced from corn residue could meet federal mandates for cellulosic biofuels to reduce greenhouse gas emissions by 60% compared to gasoline ( earlier post ) has drawn critical response published as correspondence in the same journal.

Climate Change

Climate Change Climate Nebraska Carbon

Converting Oil Shale to Gasoline via Alberta Taciuk Processor Results in Full Fuel Cycle GHG Emissions 1.5-1.75 Larger Than From Conventionally Produced Gasoline

Green Car Congress

AUGUST 25, 2009

Converting oil shale to gasoline via the Alberta Taciuk Processor (ATP)—an above-ground shale retort—results in fuel-cycle greenhouse gas emissions of ~130-150 g CO 2 equivalent/MJ of gasoline produced, according to a new analysis by Dr. Adam Brandt at Stanford University. These emissions are 1.5 MJ upstream. MJ/MJ fuel.

Gasoline

Gasoline Oil Emissions Convert

New FOX method estimates black carbon emissions from civil aviation ~2.7 times higher than standard estimates

Green Car Congress

AUGUST 26, 2013

Comparison between estimated EI BC and measured EI BC derived FOA3 (black open box), the FOA3 approach with the updated SN-CI correlation (blue triangle), and estimates obtained from the new FOX method (red circle) that are not dependent on SN. Credit: ACS, Stettler et al. Click to enlarge. These are a factor of ?2.7

Emissions

Emissions Standards Carbon Exhaust

Discussion Paper Suggests Mechanisms for Addressing Biofuel GHG Emissions Under Cap-and-Trade Schemes; Avoiding the Renewability Shortcut and Moving Toward Carbon Management for All Transportation Fuels

Green Car Congress

OCTOBER 9, 2009

DeCicco, formerly on staff at the Environmental Defense Fund (EDF), is now a Senior Lecturer at the University of Michigan’s School of Natural Resources and Environment. While including all fuels under a carbon cap is necessary for an effective climate policy, DeCicco argues, it is not sufficient for addressing all fuels-related emissions. “

Carbon

Carbon Emissions Renewable Transportation

U Mich professor finds fuel cycle analysis for evaluating CO2 impacts of liquid fuels is fatally flawed; calls for focus on CO2 removal

Green Car Congress

JULY 28, 2014

Fuel cycle analysis (FCA)—or “well-to-wheels analysis”—is a type lifecycle analysis (LCA) that examines fuel products and their supply chains, and that has greatly influenced climate-related research priorities and public policies for transportation fuels. It has not been used to specify fuel regulations.

Fuel

Fuel CO2 Carbon Climate

DeCicco: Transportation GHG reduction policy should focus upstream on fuel supply rather than downstream on choice of fuels in vehicles

Green Car Congress

JANUARY 25, 2013

John DeCicco at the University of Michigan argues that to reduce transportation sector greenhouse gas emissions, the proper policy focus should be upstream in sectors that provide the fuel, rather than downstream on the choice of fuels in the automobile. In a new working paper, Prof. A parametric analysis by Barter et al.

Fuel

Fuel Supplies Transportation Climate Protection

Enviva and MOL to develop sail-powered bulk carrier to cut GHG emissions in biomass supply chain; Wind Challenger hard sail

Green Car Congress

APRIL 5, 2021

This is not an easy challenge, especially when we aim to introduce new technologies such as the Wind Challenger, so it is extremely encouraging to have Enviva as our partner, whose core mission is to fight climate change, and with their passion and determination, have proved that they can make a difference.

Wind

Wind Emissions Power Powered

Study: even with high LDV electrification, low-carbon biofuels will be necessary to meet 80% GHG reduction target; “daunting” policy implications

Green Car Congress

JULY 3, 2015

For comparison, they team estimated the RFS goal for cellulosic fuels to be equivalent to 1289 PJ. The climate-targeted scenarios included cellulosic biofuel substitution to reduce GHG from light duty transportation to 20% of the reference GHG. No cellulosic biofuel was required under low growth and 20%-electrified conditions.

Carbon

Carbon EPRI Climate Gasoline-Electric

Naysayer Alert – the hydrogen red herring

My Electric Car

AUGUST 21, 2020

The cost of platinum makes hydrogen fuel cells an expensive proposition even in comparison to lithium-ion batteries. In comparison to a pure battery electric vehicle, FCEVs are more complex and heavier. Hydrogen ions are highly acidic and thus highly corrosive. Whitehead, J., & Washington, S.

Hydrogen

Hydrogen Petrol Gas-Electric Lithium Ion

California ARB mods to ZEV regulations for IVMs would result in ~1.9% drop in total ZEV/TZEV units 2018-2025; no impact on air quality requirements

Green Car Congress

OCTOBER 20, 2014

In comparison, the IVMs face the comparatively difficult technological challenge of transitioning from compliance solely with PZEVs to compliance with TZEVs. International cooperation will be necessary to resolve problems in maritime and air transport, but action on cars and trucks can be taken at a national or state level.

2018

2018 California 2012 Plug-in

ITF: measures to decrease road freight CO2 emissions

Green Car Congress

DECEMBER 10, 2018

However, achieving climate change targets will also require the widespread adoption of solutions that are not yet fully developed, whether in logistics or technology. However, such solutions need to be in general use by 2050 or earlier to reach agreed climate change targets.

Emissions

Emissions CO2 Alternative Fuels Climate Change

Why EVs Aren't a Climate Change Panacea

UCLA/LLNL study concludes most climate models overestimate increase in global precipitation due to climate change

Scientists call for careful use of time scales, reference dates and statistical approaches in analyzing climate change trends to avoid distortion and hampering of response

New Tool to Assist in Deciding Whether to Use Managed Relocation of Species in Adaptation to Climate Change

Global Carbon Project: Global carbon emissions growth slows, but hits record high

Study measures the effect of regional change in clouds caused by ships’ emissions; masking GHG warming

Hadley Centre: Average 4 C Warming Could Happen Within a Human Lifetime, With Even Greater Warming in Many Regions

EPIC: state-level renewable electricity mandates increase electricity prices up to 17% over 12 years; cost more expensive than benefit

Study finds rising temperatures increase risk of unhealthy ozone levels absent sharp cuts in precursors

Carnegie study finds climate impact of particulates varies greatly depending on where the pollution originated

U. Mich study: natural-gas-based ICE, BEV and FCV all show promise for environmental benefits relative to conventional ICE

Tsinghua University provincial-level lifecycle study finds fuel-cycle criteria pollutants of EVs in China could be up to 5x those of natural gas vehicles due to China’s coal-dominant power mix

Study Finds North Carolina Sea Levels Rising Three Times Faster Than in Previous 500 Years

The $32-Trillion Push To Disrupt The Entire Oil Industry

Study finds perennial biofuel crops’ water consumption similar to corn

Field study finds soot particles absorb significantly less sunlight than predicted by models; climate models may be overestimating warming by BC

Study finds that environmental impact of corn-ethanol E85 is 23% to 33% higher than that of gasoline; environmental problem-shifting

Lifecycle study finds fuel switching from diesel to natural gas could produce net climate damage absent reductions in CH4 emissions and improved vehicle efficiency

U Chicago, MIT study suggests ongoing use of fossil fuels absent new carbon taxes

Study Links Accelerating Uplift of Greenland to Accelerated Melting of Ice

Consortium proposes large-scale industrial cultivation of marine microalgae (ICCM) as solution to global energy, food, and climate issues

New study finds GHG emissions from palm oil production significantly underestimated; palm oil biofuels could be more climate-damaging than oil sands fuels

U Calgary study finds oil shale most energy intensive upgraded fuel followed by in-situ-produced bitumen from oil sands

Study on Greenhouse Gas Emissions from Global Cities Highlights Importance of Geophysical and Technical Factors

Researchers Sequence the Maize (Corn) Genome

Forecasting the Ice Loss of Greenland’s Glaciers With Viscoelastic Modeling

PNNL modeling study finds climate benefit for cutting soot, methane smaller than previous estimates

Met Office: Current Decade Already Hottest On Record

GWU team demonstrates one-pot process for optimized synthesis of controlled CNTs from CO2; coupling cement and C2CNT

Study concludes that sugar cane-based biorefineries producing ethanol and electricity could power a global auto fleet of hybrids and EVs using only 4% of available cropland

U-Mich researcher’s first-principles analysis challenges conventional carbon accounting for biofuels; implications for climate policy

Lifecycle Study Finds Algae as Bioenergy Feedstock Has Higher Environmental Impacts than Conventional Crops in Energy Use, GHG Emissions, and Water Use; The Importance of Using Waste Streams

Study suggests current levels of methane leakage would result in numerous decades of more rapid climate change from a shift to natural gas vehicles

Study casting doubt on GHG benefits of corn stover ethanol draws sharp criticism by other researchers; Liska responds

Converting Oil Shale to Gasoline via Alberta Taciuk Processor Results in Full Fuel Cycle GHG Emissions 1.5-1.75 Larger Than From Conventionally Produced Gasoline

New FOX method estimates black carbon emissions from civil aviation ~2.7 times higher than standard estimates

Discussion Paper Suggests Mechanisms for Addressing Biofuel GHG Emissions Under Cap-and-Trade Schemes; Avoiding the Renewability Shortcut and Moving Toward Carbon Management for All Transportation Fuels

U Mich professor finds fuel cycle analysis for evaluating CO2 impacts of liquid fuels is fatally flawed; calls for focus on CO2 removal

DeCicco: Transportation GHG reduction policy should focus upstream on fuel supply rather than downstream on choice of fuels in vehicles

Enviva and MOL to develop sail-powered bulk carrier to cut GHG emissions in biomass supply chain; Wind Challenger hard sail

Study: even with high LDV electrification, low-carbon biofuels will be necessary to meet 80% GHG reduction target; “daunting” policy implications

Naysayer Alert – the hydrogen red herring

California ARB mods to ZEV regulations for IVMs would result in ~1.9% drop in total ZEV/TZEV units 2018-2025; no impact on air quality requirements

ITF: measures to decrease road freight CO2 emissions

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